哪些中国企业会上美国贸易战打击清单

The Trump administration’s ambiguous plans to impose tariffs on up to $60bn in annual imports from China have left companies in the country guessing whether their products will end up on Washington’s list.

特朗普(Trump)政府拟对每年最多达600亿美元的中国进口商品征收关税的模糊计划，使中国企业纷纷猜测自家产品是否将出现在华盛顿的清单之上。

But behind the tariffs is what analysts consider to be a broader objective from the White House to disrupt a high-level Chinese strategy, called “Made in China 2025”, that aims to make a number of companies world leaders in sectors such as robotics, semiconductors, aviation and computing.

但分析人士认为，这些关税背后隐藏着白宫一个更广泛的目标，即破坏中国一项被称为“中国制造2025”(Made in China 2025)的高层战略，该战略旨在将一批中国企业打造为机器人、半导体、飞机制造、计算机应用等行业的世界领军者。

A crucial element of Beijing’s development plan has been to partner with foreign companies or acquire overseas technologies that will help Chinese groups rise to global dominance in their respective industries. It is these companies the US is expected to take action against.

北京这一发展计划的一个要点是通过与外国公司合作或者获取海外技术，帮助中国企业崛起为各自所在行业的全球主导者。这些企业正是美国预计将采取的行动所要针对的目标。

“Planned US tariffs and investment restrictions are meant to hit China in response to what the US sees as unfair technology and intellectual property practices,” Louis Kuijs, head of Asia for Oxford Economics, said in a note.

牛津经济研究所(Oxford Economics)亚洲经济部主任高路易(Louis Kuijs)在一份报告中表示：“美国计划实施的关税和投资限制措施意在打击中国，以回应美国视为不公平的技术和知识产权做法。”

“The most important part of this seems to be to slow down the transfer of technology to China,” said Christopher Lee, S&P Global’s lead China corporate specialist.

“其中最重要的似乎是让技术更慢向中国转移。”标普全球(S&P Global)首席中国企业评级专家李国宜(Christopher Lee)表示。

The US Trade Representative office has named “aerospace, information and communication technology and machinery” as industries that would be targeted by tariffs. More details are expected in early April but the White House has already named a number of Chinese companies in a 200-page report as examples of how the US is losing out against “unfair” competition from China.

美国贸易代表办公室已经把“航空航天、信息和通信技术、机械”列为将要征收关税的行业。预计4月初将公布更多细节，不过白宫已经在一份200页的报告中提到了一些中国企业的名字，作为来自中国的“不公平”竞争如何使美国吃亏的例证。

According to the US, these companies are among those that pose the biggest threat:

根据美方的报告，对美构成最大威胁的包括以下这些公司：

Midea Group

美的集团(Midea Group)

Although it is not owned by the state, home appliances company Midea has become central to China’s plan for building a globally competitive robotics industry. In 2016 it spent $4.2bn to buy Kuka, one of Germany’s top robotics groups.

家电制造商美的集团虽然不是国有企业，但在中国打造具有全球竞争力的机器人产业的计划中，美的具有重要地位。2016年，美的斥资42亿美元收购了德国顶尖机器人集团之一库卡(Kuka)。

The US government views Midea as an example of a private Chinese group that appears to be carrying out several elements of Beijing’s development policy. It has received hundreds of millions of dollars in loans from policy banks to support its acquisition.

美国政府认为美的是一个例子，它是一家中国民营企业集团，却似乎在执行北京上述发展政策的一些方面。美的从多家政策性银行获得了数亿美元计的贷款以支持其收购项目。

One of the lenders, China Exim Bank, said that Midea’s robotics deal would “assist in optimising the domestic robotics industry layout, promote the process of multi-industry production automation, and enhance China’s intelligent manufacturing technology level”, according to the US trade office.

根据美国贸易办公室的说法，承贷机构之一中国进出口银行(China Exim Bank)表示，“该项目的实施，有助于优化中国机器人产业布局，推动多产业生产自动化进程，提升中国智造技术水平”。

ChemChina

中国化工(ChemChina)

State-owned ChemChina grabbed global attention in early 2016 when it said it would pay $44bn for Switzerland’s Syngenta, one of the world’s largest pesticide and seed groups. The deal was in line with Beijing policy to control a list of technologies for crop security and to modernise its agriculture.

2016年初，国有的中国化工宣布将斥资440亿美元收购全球最大的农药和种子集团之一瑞士先正达(Syngenta)，此举吸引了全世界的目光。这宗交易契合北京方面关于控制一系列技术以确保粮食安全、实现农业现代化的政策。

The trade office has taken note of how the deal, which was in part backed by state banks, brought “4,000 employees, 33 research sites, and 31 production and supply sites” in the US under the control of a conglomerate that takes orders from Beijing.

美国贸易办公室已经注意到，这宗部分由国有银行支持的交易已将在美国的“4000名员工、33处研究基地以及31处生产和供应基地”置于了一家听命于北京的企业集团的控制之下。

The acquisition also brings US pesticide makers such as DowDuPont and Monsanto into direct competition with the Chinese state, making ChemChina’s new, global reach a prime target for tariffs.

这宗收购还使陶氏杜邦(DowDuPont)、孟山都(Monsanto)等美国农药生产商陷入与中国政府的直接竞争，使中国化工将形成的遍及全球的触手成为美国关税的一个主要目标。

CRRC Corp

中国中车(CRRC Corp)

CRRC, which is the world’s largest maker of rail rolling stock, and other Chinese state-owned rail groups were big beneficiaries of joint ventures with global industry leaders such as Bombardier and Siemens.

中国中车及其他中国国有铁路集团是与庞巴迪(Bombardier)、西门子(Siemens)等全球行业领军企业建立合资公司的主要受益者。中国中车目前是全球最大的铁路车辆制造商。

In addition to supplying China’s fast-expanding high-speed rail and metro systems, CRRC has moved into the US market in the past few years winning contracts to supply metro trains in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles and Philadelphia.

除了供应中国快速扩张的高速铁路和地铁系统，中国中车近几年还进入了美国市场，拿下了为波士顿、芝加哥、洛杉矶、费城供应地铁列车的合同。

Until now, it has been exporting from China but it will soon start production at its first US factory, in Springfield, Massachusetts, in what it says is an example of “win-win” US-China co-operation.

中国中车迄今一直从中国出口产品，但该公司位于马萨诸塞州斯普林菲尔德(Springfield)的首家美国工厂很快将开始投产。中国中车称，该工厂是美中合作“双赢”的一个案例。

CRRC is not named in the trade office report although the White House has pointed at tariffs on Chinese rail.

白宫把中国铁路产品列为关税征收对象，不过美国贸易办公室的报告中倒是没有提到中国中车的名字。

Comac and Avic

中国商飞(Comac)和中国航空工业集团(Avic)

China’s two state-owned aircraft manufacturing groups are trying to break Boeing and Airbus’s hold on the passenger aircraft market and turn China into an aviation powerhouse.

这两家中国国有飞机制造集团正试图打破波音(Boeing)和空客(Airbus)在客机市场上的垄断地位，并把中国变成一个航空制造业强国。

Comac’s C919 — which is meant to rival the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 — is still in an early testing phase and is some years off going into mass production. But analysts believe it could eventually win market share from the two dominant players, especially in China.

中国商飞意在与波音737、空客A320竞争的C919客机，仍处于早期测试阶段，还需数年时间才能投入量产。但分析人士认为，C919最终将能从这两家主导者手中夺走市场份额，尤其是在中国。

Comac and Avic, the other state-owned group that owns a stake in Comac, have been helped in their development by a series of acquisitions of US aircraft and avionics companies, which were highlighted by the US Trade Representative in its investigation into unfair trade practices by China. Both companies considered buying part or all of Canadian jet manufacturer Bombardier.

中国航空工业集团持有中国商飞的股份。两家公司通过对美国飞机和航电设备公司的一系列收购推动了自身发展。美国贸易代表办公室在对中国不公平贸易做法的调查中强调了上述收购。两家公司都考虑过部分或整体收购加拿大喷气式飞机制造商庞巴迪。

Comac has relied on partnerships and joint ventures with US companies including GE, Honeywell and Rockwell Collins to supply key parts of the C919 including the engines, wheels and avionics.

中国商飞依靠与包括通用电气(GE)、霍尼韦尔(Honeywell)、罗克韦尔?柯林斯公司(Rockwell Collins)在内的美国公司建立的合作和合资公司，为C919供应包括发动机、机轮和航电设备在内的关键部件。

Tsinghua Unigroup

清华紫光(Tsinghua Unigroup)

Few of China’s state-backed investors have been as aggressive as Tsinghua Unigroup in the pursuit for global semiconductor assets. The group, controlled by Tsinghua University in Beijing, was launched with the mission of bringing foreign semiconductor technology back to China by way of acquisition. The trade office report notes that it has taken on funds from China’s National IC Fund, an investment vehicle controlled directly by the country’s Ministry of Industry and Internet Technology.

在中国政府支持的投资者中，少有像清华紫光集团如此激进地在全球四处追逐半导体资产的。这个由位于北京的清华大学(Tsinghua University)控股的集团的成立使命就是通过收购把国外的半导体技术带到中国。美国贸易办公室的报告指出，清华紫光已经从由中国工信部直接控制的国家集成电路产业投资基金(National IC Fund)获得了资金。

Tsinghua has tried several direct attempts to acquire prized US assets. For example, in 2015 it made a $3.8bn approach to US-based Western Digital for a 15 per cent stake, a deal that it later pulled back from after US regulators launched an investigation.

清华紫光曾多次尝试直接收购优质美国资产。例如，2015年，该集团提出以38亿美元收购美国西部数据(Western Digital) 15%的股份。但在美国监管机构发起调查后，清华紫光撤销了这笔交易。

But Tsinghua-backed groups have also seeded a number of smaller funds with the aim of doing similar deals. Hua Capital, another entity named in the trade office report, used funds from Tsinghua to buy OmniVision, a US digital imaging company.

但清华紫光支持的集团还发起了一些规模较小、旨在进行类似收购交易的基金。另一家出现在美国贸易办公室报告中的实体——华创投资(Hua Capital)，利用来自清华紫光的资金收购了美国数字成像公司OmniVision。

Shenzhen Beijing Genomics Institute, or BGI

华大基因(BGI)

As the world’s largest genomics organisation, BGI has attracted round after round of private equity investors willing to pay high prices for a piece of the group. The company counts Sequoia Capital as one of its main investors.

作为全球最大的基因组学研发机构，华大基因吸引了一轮又一轮愿意出高价的私募股权机构的投资。红杉资本(Sequoia Capital)是华大基因的主要投资者之一。

In 2013, it bought Complete Genomics, a US-based group that had sequenced more than 20,000 human genomes.

2013年，华大基因收购了总部位于美国的基因组测序公司Complete Genomics，后者已经对逾2万个人类基因组进行了测序。

Washington is worried about the Chinese state and Communist party’s interest in BGI. The report notes how it has been a big recipient of loans from policy lender China Development Bank and says that despite its private shareholding structure BGI has “evident links to the government”.

华盛顿担心中国政府和共产党对华大基因的兴趣。上述报告指出，华大基因已经从政策性银行中国国家开发银行(China Development Bank)获得了大笔贷款，并表示，虽然股权结构为私人所有，但华大基因“与政府有明显关联”。