托福阅读经典加试:沙滩的形成试题及答案

托福阅读加试分为经典加试和非经典加试，一般情况下考生遇到的情况都是经典加试，即所加试的题目都是固定的几篇。这里小编为就为大家整理了托福阅读经典加试沙滩的形成内容分享给大家，希望对大家托福备考有帮助。

托福阅读经典加试 : 沙滩的形成试题及答案

阅读经典加试 6Title: 沙滩的形成

概述：包括形成的条件，有一段说 beach 的构成(composition)和 size，beach 的底部的组成。有的 beach 底部是珊瑚，有的是石头，有的是沙子，但像加州海岸会随季节变化而变化。另一段讲好沙滩的形成需要 smooth 的地理条件，美国东海岸有的地方外围有什么保护，所以里面的 beach还不错。并拿欧洲作了对比。最后几段还提到了水对 beach 形成的作用。

托福阅读材料之国际空间站

The crew of the International Space Station have been forced to reduce power after half the cooling system suddenly shut down over the weekend.

Nasa officials insisted the three Americans and three Russians aboard were not in danger.

Urgent spacewalk repairs are being discussed for this week.

Without thermal controls，temperatures on the ISS‘s Sun-facing side can soar to 121C (250F)，plunging to minus 157C (-250F) on the dark side，Nasa says.

“There might be a comfortable spot somewhere in the middle of the station，but searching for it wouldn’t be much fun，” a statement on its website adds.

The station is now operating on a single string，the Associated Press reports，and has no safeguard in case of further cooling system failures.

Alarms sound

Trouble arose on Saturday night when one of the two ammonia-fed cooling loops shut down，triggering alarms throughout the ISS.

The two ammonia lines ensure that all the station‘s electronic equipment does not overheat.

Astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson set in motion equipment shutdown procedures and，with crewmate Douglas Wheelock，installed a jumper cable to keep all the rooms cool.

The Global Positioning System circuit，several power converters and a set of devices that route commands to various pieces of equipment were switched off.

Two of the four gyroscopes - part of the space station’s pointing and navigating system - were initially shut down but the crew installed a jumper cable to bring up a third gyroscope，leaving the station in a much more stable position，AP says.

Flight controllers tried to restart the disabled ammonia pump early on Sunday but the circuit breaker tripped again.

Any repairs later this week almost certainly will involve replacing the faulty ammonia pump，a difficult job that would require two spacewalks，AP adds.

“It‘s pretty clear that we’re going to want to have a course of action to take as quickly as possible，” Nasa spokesman Rob Navias said at the Johnson Space Center in Houston，Texas.

“This is not something we want to linger over.”

Two spare pumps are stored on the outside of the station. Two of the Americans on board are already scheduled to conduct a spacewalk on Thursday for routine maintenance.

No space shuttle visits to the ISS are planned before November.

托福阅读材料之如何延长友情保质期

time for friendships. Nothing makes closeness fade away more than never talking to or seeing each other. While some bonds of friendship may be strong enough to span long silences, most aren't. If you cherish a person's friendship, make time for him or her, whether it's just the occasional phone call, e-mail or a weekly get-together.

为朋友腾出时间。不交流，也不见面会让朋友日渐疏远。尽管有的友谊足够牢固，经得起长时间冷却，但大多数是不行的。如果你珍惜一人友情，就为他或她留出时间。不管是偶尔打个电话，或是发一封邮件，又或是周末聚会。

1)On your computer at home or work, make a note to "call friends" regularly.

在你公司或家里的电脑上贴个便条“给朋友打电话”。

2)Keep a Post-it note on the phone, the bathroom mirror, the car dashboard, anywhere you're likely to see it.

贴张便条在电话上，浴室的镜子上，或汽车挡板上，任何你可能看到的地方。

3)Also make sure your friends' phone numbers are programmed into your phone. Then call a friend when you have a spare 10 minutes.

确认你电话里存有朋友的电话号码，有空的时候给朋友打个电话。

4)Schedule a regular once-a-month lunch – same time, same place.

定期安排一个月一次的午餐，同一时间，同一地点。

mber: a true friend doesn't flee when changes occur. Nothing is sadder for new parents than to find that their single friends have abandoned them because of the baby. A good friend is one who stays true through it all – marriage, parenthood, new jobs, new homes, any losses. Just because a situation's changed doesn't mean the person has.

记住：真正是朋友是在发生变故时仍留在你身边。没有什么比这更难过了，刚当爸妈却发现他们的单身朋友因为他们有了小孩就放弃了他们。好朋友是能够经历一切的：结婚，生儿育女，新工作，新家庭，任何损失。因为情况改变了并不意味人改变了。

sure you aren't being a burden to a friend. Friendships fade away if there isn't an equilibrium between the give and the take. Be sensitive to how much your friend can and can't offer you – be it time, energy or help – and don't overstep the mark. And vice versa: friendships that drain you will not last. If a friendship is out of balance, talk the situation through.

确保你不会成为朋友的负担。如果付出和回报不平衡，友谊会逐渐褪色。对于哪些朋友能给予哪些不能给予要很敏感—无论是时间，精力或帮助，不要逾越界限，反之亦然。拖后腿的友谊不会长久的。如果友谊失去了平衡，就要说出来。

a good listener. It can be the hardest thing in the world to do – simply to listen as he or she pours it all out or is seeking your advice or opinion. To be a better listener, follow this advice:

做一个好的聆听者。这也许是世界上最难的事情—只是听他或她的倾诉或是向你寻求建议。做一位好的聆听者，有以下建议：

1)Maintain eye contact. Offer nods and murmurs to indicate that you understand his or her point of view.

保持眼神交流。时不时的点头和低语表明你了解他的观点。

2)Don't finish your friend's sentences. If you catch yourself planning your response while your friend is still talking, gently remind yourself to focus.

不要插话。如果当朋友在讲话时你正准备回应，提醒你自己集中精力。

3)Minimize distractions – don't write or read e-mails, open the mail or watch television while you're on the phone to your friend. He or she will hear the lack of interest in your responses.

尽量减少分心—当你在接朋友电话时不要写或阅读电子邮件，打开邮件或看电视。他或她会在你的回答中听到冷漠。

4)Be careful with advice. Assume your friend wants to let off steam, not necessarily ask for a plan of action.

提供建议需谨慎。假使你的朋友只是想发泄不满，不一定是寻求行动的计划。

in your friend's corner if he or she's not there to defend him or herself. If you're at a gathering at which someone mentions your friend disparagingly, defend him or her against gossip or criticism. Say, "Mary is my friend, and it makes me feel bad to hear you talk this way." Sooner or later, news of your loyalty will travel back to your pal, and it will deepen your friendship.

当朋友不在场时要站出来为他们辩护。当你站在一群人中正在说你朋友的坏话，你要站出来为他辩护，说，“玛丽是我的朋友，你们这样说她，我感觉很不好。”早晚，你朋友会知道你对友情的忠诚，而且会加深你们的友谊。

托福阅读背景知识之华尔街的故事

华尔街是全美乃至全球的经济中心，如何能够在华尔街站住脚呢?选择一个最受华尔街青睐的职业是最方便的了。

Wall Street has undergone a radical face lift this year, but finance industry recruiters are expected to stick to roughly the same formula when looking to fill entry-level positions with college graduates in the future.

华尔街如今已经彻底改头换面了。不过，金融业招聘人士在寻找大学毕业生填补初级职位空缺的时候，预计仍将坚持与以往大致相同的甄选原则。

Wealth management, investment banking and research are expected to see a hiring surge in the coming years, according to Joseph Logan, founder and managing director of Pinnacle Group International, a New York executive recruiting firm specializing in the financial services industry.

Pinnacle Group International的创始人兼董事总经理约瑟夫 洛根(Joseph Logan)表示，财富管理、投资银行和研究领域有望在未来几年掀起招聘热潮。Pinnacle Group International是纽约一家专业服务于金融服务业的高管猎头公司。

'A strong background in accounting plus financial [knowledge in] evaluation is the key-and being well-rounded will help a lot,' says David Smith, an associate professor at the McIntire School of Commerce at the University of Virginia who specializes in corporate finance and banking. Strong social skills and the ability to think creatively are important to round out more technical and quantitative talents.

“会计和财务估值方面的过硬背景是应聘成功的关键，知识全面也会大有帮助，”弗吉尼亚大学(University of Virginia)麦金太尔商学院(McIntire School of Commerce)专门从事企业财务和银行业研究的副教授史密斯(David Smith)表示。出色的社交技能和创新思维能力对于那些偏重技术性和数理方面的人才来说是个重要的补充。

Mr. Smith, who helps prepare students for finance job interviews, advises the students who want to head to Wall Street to eschew finance fads like the current demand in restructuring or credit derivatives which were hot two years ago and focus on becoming fluent in accounting and financial evaluation fundamentals that are applicable to any specialty. As the economy recovers more traditional financial services functions, such as mergers and acquisitions advisory will make a comeback, according to Mr. Smith .

史密斯帮助学生们为金融职位面试做准备。他向那些希望在华尔街发展的学生们建议说，要避开金融业一时的潮流,比如眼下对两年前颇为流行的重组或者信用衍生品方面的人才需求，而将目光集中在像会计和财务估值基本知识这样适用于所有金融领域的研究。随着经济的复苏,那些更为传统的金融服务业务比如并购咨询行业将重新焕发活力,史密斯表示。

托福阅读经典加试 : 沙滩的形成试题及答案