考研英语必背范文30篇

下面是本站小编整理的考研英语必背范文30篇，欢迎大家阅读!

　　第一章应用文写作

推荐信 1

语言注意点:

推荐信应多写被推荐人的优点，肯定其成绩。但内容应真实可信，语言热情得体。切忌夸大其实。

Directions:2

You are asked to write a letter of recommendation for Miss Liu Ming who wants to study for the Master?s Degree under the supervision of Professor Smith who was once your supervisor in your graduate study. Write a letter to Prof. Smith in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li

Ming instead.

Sample:

Dear Prof. Smith,

It has always been a great pleasure to write to you since I can never fail to get help, inspiration or enlightenment from you. Now I am writing to recommend to you Miss Liu Ming who wants to pursue her graduate study for the Master’s Degree under your supervision.

Miss Liu Ming was one of my classmates in Tianjin University. She was one of the most excellent students in our university as can be seen from her straight A grades on all subjects. After graduation she worked in Tianyi Biological Company for three years, which considerably added to her practical experience.

It is my belief that with her intelligence, diligence and rich experience, Miss Liu Ming has great potential for further development in the field of pharmacology both theoretically and practically. Therefore, I recommend her to you with no reservations.

Faithfully yours,

Li Ming

推荐信2

结构要点：

推荐信是向收信人推荐某人做某事的信件，一般分为三个部分：

1.指出被推荐的人及推荐的原因;

2.介绍被推荐人的情况;

3.总结说明被推荐人值得被推荐(例如能胜任工作)。

Directions 1

Suppose you have been a private tutor of Mr. Wang?s daughter for two years. But now you are going to graduate and so you recommend your friend Lily who is a sophomore to take the place of you. Write a letter to Mr. Wang in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming

instead.

Sample:

Dear Mr. Wang,

I am very sorry to tell you that I am going to graduate this June and cannot go on with my job as a tutor of your daughter. It has really been a pleasant experience to teach your daughter English as she is such a lovely and smart girl. Here I take great pleasure in recommending to you my friend Lily who is a sophomore majoring in English in my university. She is particularly willing to take the part?time job of an English tutor when she knows about your daughter.

Lily is an excellent student. Especially her spoken English is both fluent and proficient, which can positively influence the person speaking with her. Moreover, as a lively, cheerful and easy?going girl, she is good at communicating with others.

Therefore, I am confident that she is highly competent for the job and will help your daughter make further progress in English.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

建议信 1

结构要点：

建议信是建议收信人采取某种行动的信件，一般分为三个部分：

1. 说明建议的内容;

2. 提出建议的原因;

3. 指出采纳建议的益处。

Directions3

Suppose one of your friends is going on a self?tour in your hometown. Write a letter in about 100 words to make a suggestion to him/her. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.

Sample:

Dear Mary,

Glad to hear from you. You have made a right decision to travel in my hometown, Sichuan because it is a place with picturesque scenery.

Self?tour is always my favorite, too, as it gives me more freedom to choose the beauty spots and arrange the tour. To you, a camping?lover, I highly recommend the Ice Mountain in Songpan County. First, you can directly go there by bus from Chengdu or Mianyang. The accommodation in Songpan is very convenient since there are quite a lot of private hotels with clean rooms at low price. Then you can hire a guide who will prepare a horse, a tent and some other things for you. After that, you will visit the beautiful scenery on horseback by following the guide during the day and enjoy camping at night. My journey there last July has really brought me great pleasure and unforgettable memory.

Wish you a happy tour.

Yours ever,

Li Ming

建议信2

语言注意点:

这类信可写给认识的人，也可写给不认识的人。内容与模式都比较灵活。但总地来说，应言辞恳切，理由充分。

directions4

Suppose one of your friends is going to take the CET?6 and asks you for suggestions on how to make preparation. Write a letter in about 100 words to him/her. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.

Sample:

Dear Helen,

What a surprise it is that you are going to take this June’s CET?6 since you are only a freshman in Fudan University! Anyway, your courage and efforts are worth praise.

To get fully prepared for the test, I think, you need to first enlarge your vocabulary, which is the basis of all parts. Second, you need more exercises, especially exercises of reading comprehension, in order to improve your test skills. Then you should practise writing constantly. You can e?mail your compositions to me and I will correct them for you in time.

In a word, every effort is rewarding. I am looking forward to your success.

Best wishes.

Yours,

Li Ming

求职信1

结构要点:

求职信是申请具体职位的信件，包括下列三个部分：

1. 说明应聘职位;

2. 介绍自身情况;

3. 请求回复并表示感谢。

directions5

Write a letter in about 100 words to a high school to apply for a teaching position. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.

Sample:

Dear Sir,

I am writing to apply for the position as an English teacher that you recently advertised in Sichuan Daily. I take keen interest in the post because I find that my major and experiences well meet the requirements you stated in the advertisement.

Being interested in English teaching, I pursued my graduate study in the direction of teaching methodology in Sichuan International Studies University, and got a Master’s Degree in 2003. I was a top student through the three academic years, as can be shown in the enclosed resume and reports. After graduation, I ever taught English in a Xi’an high school. As Sichuan is my hometown I love very much, I have decided to move back and so I venture to apply for the position in your school.

If I were favored with an interview, I would be most grateful. Please contact me at 13573889787. Thank you for your consideration.

Best wishes.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

求职信2

语言注意点:

求职信不同于简历。在介绍自己情况时，不可面面俱到，否则篇幅过长，反而不易得到重视。应重点突出与所应聘职位相关的自己的特点及特长。语言要有礼貌，要能体现出诚恳的态度和对工作的渴求。

Directions6

Suppose you are going to graduate from Shanghai University. Write a letter in about 100 words to a company to apply for a post of salesman. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.

Sample:

Dear Sir,

Keenly interested I am in the post of salesman you have advertised on the job market because I think my major, marketing, and my practical experience particularly match your requirements of the post.

I will graduate from Shanghai University this June and get a B.A. degree. I have always been one of the top ten students in my class. I got excellent grades in not only required subjects but also optional courses such as economics, statistics and Chinese literature. Besides, I have passed CET?6 with a mark over 80. Moreover, during the four years, I took an active part in all kinds of practices of sale promotion, which greatly added to my experience in marketing and interpersonal communication. In a word, I am confident that I qualify for the post.

If my application were taken into favorable consideration, I would be most grateful. I am looking forward to your early reply.

Enclosed are my score reports and resume.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

感谢信1

结构要点:

感谢信是就某事向收信人表示感谢的信件，分为三个部分：

1. 指出对方帮助自己的事情，表示感谢;

2. 展开叙述这件事;

3. 再次感谢，并可表示希望回报对方。

Directions 7

Suppose you were taken good care of by Doctor Liu when you were in hospital. Write a letter in about 100 words to him to show your gratitude. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.

Sample:

Dear Doctor Liu,

It is a great pleasure to extend my sincere thanks to you for your careful treatment and attendance when I was in hospital this March.

On that night, I got acute appendicitis and was sent to your hospital by my roommates. Yet I was very lucky to have you, an experienced and skillful doctor, on duty. You immediately diagnosed my disease, hospitalized me and arranged a timely operation for me. In the following days you took good care of me and talked to me from time to time to release my pain.

It was all because of your attendance and perfect professional skills that I could recover so soon. Therefore, thank you again and I wish I would have the chance to pay you back for all your kindness.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ming

感谢信2

语言注意点:

感谢信应充分表达自己的谢意，切不可给对方草率的印象。可借助谈对方的帮助来进一步表达感激之情。言辞应真挚、得体。

Directions 8

Suppose your friend lent you a book and gave you some suggestions when you made preparations for CET?6. Write a letter in about 100 words to show your gratitude. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.

Sample:

Dear Sherry,

My thanks to you for your help with my preparations for the CET?6 are beyond words.

Originally I only wanted to ask you for some advice on the coming test, as you were so good at English. But to my surprise, you gave more help to me than I had ever expected. You not only wrote down ten suggestions for me but also showed me how I could arrange my time and what I should do in each month before the test. Besides, you lent me the book I needed very much when you learned that I had not yet got it. It was really kind and considerate of you.

Your unreserved help enabled me to make efficient preparations and at last encouraged me to pass the test. So I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude again.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ming

致歉信1

结构要点:

致歉信是向收信人表示歉意的信件，包括三个部分：

1. 说明为何事而致歉;

2. 解释造成过失或不能履约的原因;

3. 再次致歉或提出解决方案。

Directions 9

Suppose you cannot attend your sister?s graduation ceremony as expected for some reason. Write a letter in about 100 words to make an apology to her. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.

Sample:

Dear Linda,

Kindly excuse me for my not being able to attend your graduation ceremony next Wednesday as I have promised.

You know, there will be a meeting of great importance to my company next week in Nanjing. But the person who was originally appointed to it is now seriously ill in hospital. And I have been asked to take his place to attend the meeting and make a speech on behalf of my company. On the one hand, it is a task assigned by my boss out of his trust in me. On the other hand, I do regard it as an opportunity to both display and enhance my abilities. So I am afraid I cannot be present at your graduation ceremony.

Though I have decided to send you a gift to celebrate your graduation, I really regret that I cannot give you my sincere congratulations on the spot, for I know any gift can never parallel a warm word spoken personally by a family member. I do feel terribly sorry. Please forgive me.

Cordially,

Li Ming

致歉信2

语言注意点:

致歉信必须写得坦诚，表达出真心的歉意。

Directions 10

Suppose you have accepted Mr. Zhang?s invitation to dinner, but you have to change your plan for some reason. Write a letter in about 100 words to make an apology to him. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.

Sample:

Dear Mr. Zhang,

It was very kind of you to invite me to dinner in your house the day after tomorrow and I originally accepted it with great pleasure. But now, much to my regret that I may not be able to keep my promise because my sister was injured in a car accident and I must look after her in the hospital for several days.

The accident happened suddenly and all my family are now busy dealing with it and caring for my sister. So I don’t think I will have the time to go to the dinner and even if I go, I am afraid I will hardly be in a cheerful mood, which may spoil the party.

I am very sorry for that and really regret that I would miss such an excellent chance of enjoying the perfect dishes with friends. Besides, please give my regards to Mr. and Mrs. Rogers when they come to dinner.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

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Direction 26

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture;

2. interpret the meaning of the picture;

3. make your comments.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这道题目属于哲理类的题目，可以用多种方法来说明图中所阐述的道理，文章的安排也有多种可能性。我们可以采用一种比较独特的方式，先描述图表，在第二段中就所表达的内容进行提问，在第三段中以举例说明我们对该问题的理解和认识，最后在第四段做结。

Sample:

A miserable picture unfolds before our eyes: a flood has destroyed a whole city. We can imagine the loss of lives and property. Under the picture, there was a thought?provoking sentence: every drop of water says it is not responsible for the flood.

This picture inevitably invites a series of questions: then who is responsible for the flood? Who has demolished the houses? Who has drowned the children?

A good case in point is pollution. Twenty years ago, most rivers were so clean—the water was drinkable and so many People went swimming and fishing. Only two decades later, many of them became so polluted that we can no longer drink the water—fishes have died out and nobody ever swims in it or washes clothes by it. Every one of us never thinks the industrial waste or the living garbage we once damped into the river would cause so serious a result—today the harsh reality has become too hard to swallow.

Finally we realize that every drop of water actually is responsible for the flood. Only if every citizen takes on his responsibility as a member of a family, a nation and the world can all of us wish to have a more beautiful future.

点评：

第一段对图表和图下的文字进行描述。这一段使用了少用的句型A miserable picture unfolds before our eyes以深化看到图画后受到的震撼。而后加入了联想性的句子We can imagine the loss of lives and property，这是不多见的。然后描述了图下的一句话。

第二段创造性地连问了三个问题，与图下的文字针锋相对，又为第三段的论述做了充分的铺垫。三个问题中，第一个问题直接与上段末句形成对立，而后面两句则是呼应首段的次句，可谓环环相扣，联系紧密。

第三段共分四句，举了污染的例子。第一句是常用句型。第二句和第三句形成了鲜明的对比——二十年前的河流清澈，二十年后的却污染严重。最后一句是关键——倾倒工业废料、生活垃圾的人也没有想到会有如此严重的后果。

最后一段是结论段，共分两句。第一句话正好与图中的话相反，这是在论述后得到的结论。第二句话引申说——每个公民都要尽自己的责任，我们才能拥有美好的明天。

心得：

在说理的文章中，找到切入点是很重要的，所以很多时候要用到举例。一般说来，有多种例子可举，并不一定哪一种就是最好的。这时由于时间有限，不可太犹豫。本文中举了污染的例子，解答了第二段中的疑问，也直接引出了末段的结论，作用非常重要，请大家用心体会。

Direction 27

Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the pictures;

2. interpret the meaning of the pictures;

3. make your comments.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这是一个非常好的题目，我们可以这样来构思：描述图表——分析其中道理——推广到生活中——采取行动。

Sample:

In the first picture, a young girl poured a whole barrel of water on a little flower in order to help it grow more quickly. In the second picture, the flower withered before long, and the child was crying—she wondered why things should be that way.

Trees need water to grow up, and flowers need water to bloom. But too much water can no longer be helpful—it can only hinder their growth and even kill them. Whenever we water trees or flowers, we should do it according to the natural principle.

Actually, whenever we take action in our daily life, we should follow the law of nature. It is understandable for us to dream of quick success and then take immediate actions to turn it into reality, but we should not be too hasty. If we are always in a hurry, quality often suffers, making it more difficult for us to attain the aim.

Up until now, we come to understand the meaning of the old saying “Haste makes waste” better. We should break our great plan into small parts, analyze the feature of each part and carry it out step by step—when we follow the natural pace of development, success will soon be in our hands.

点评：

本文共分为四段。第一段描述两幅图画，突出了其中的对比。第二段分三句来阐述画中的道理。前两句话说树与花都需要水，但过多的水不但无益，反倒有害。最后一句话说浇水要符合自然规律。第三段共三句话。第一句说在日常生活中，我们应遵守自然规律。第二句说梦想快速成功然后立即采取行动是可以理解的，但是不能太着急。第三句话说如果总是匆匆忙忙，质量肯定会受影响，达到目的就更难了。最后一段两句话，第一句话说我们最终更好地理解了“欲速则不达”这句话。第二句话说了我们正确的做法——将计划拆分成小的部分，分析每部分的特点，而后一步步地付诸实施。

心得：

该文由浅入深，环环相扣，渐入佳境，源自宏观上全局的安排和微观上语言的处理。从分析画本身的道理，说到我们的日常生活，再到我们处事的具体做法，非常自然，也使人感到亲切。

在语言上，首段采用了两句简洁的描述，突出显示了对比。次段首句采用的是平行结构。次句采用了破折号表示递进。第三段中第二句采用了表转折的并列句，第三句采用了条件状语从句。第四段第二句采用了平行的动宾词组，而后使用破折号，最后使用了时间状语从句。

Direction 28

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture,

2. interpret the meaning of the picture;

3. make your comments.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这道题目看似简单，却富含哲理，对我们而言是一个很好的挑战。在谋篇布局上，需要精心安排。可以这样做：在描述图画后，在第二段中直接对图中的论断进行批驳，而后在第三段拓展到社会生活中相关的方面。最后在第四段中下结论。

Sample:

In the picture, a young man is lying in bed and says to himself, “If I do nothing, I will make no mistakes.”

How ridiculous this statement is! To err is human—who can avoid making mistakes all the time? If we are careful and cautious enough, we can always learn from our mistakes and failures. So when we meet the same problem for the second time, we can tackle it from another angle and by another approach. After repeated attempts, we can reduce or even eliminate mistakes.

We can’t help thinking of the inaction of some government officials. Their chief aim in their daily work is to make no mistakes. Whenever emergency happens, they never take immediate action. Instead, they always report it to his superior and ask him what can be done. In many cases, time has been wasted and the best opportunities to make remedies have been lost. If government officials cannot make decisions and take actions, why do we need them?

Like the government officials, people of other professions should also take on their responsibility to do what they are required to do without hesitation. Mistakes are not a bad thing so long as we are determined to learn from them and make constant progress.

点评：

该文的结构安排非常精彩。第一段对图画进行描述，非常简洁。第二段共分五句，直接对图中人的观点进行批驳。第一句话使用感叹句，极言上述说法之荒谬。第二句引用谚语，说明“人非圣贤，孰能无过”。第三句话说，我们总是能从错误和失败中学到东西。第四句和第五句说我们在遇到同样的问题时，总是可以尝试不同的方法以减少甚至消灭错误。

第三段共分六句，以某些政府官员为例。第一句使用了常见的举例子的句型。第二句说明他们的主要目的是“但求无过”。第三句和第四句说紧急情况出现时，他们不采取紧急行动，而是汇报给上级。第五句说时间浪费了，最好的补救时机错过了。最后一句说，如果政府官员不能做决定、采取行动，我们要他们干什么呢?这一段将上述对道理的分析与当前社会生活中的现象结合起来，很有说服力。

最后一段有两句话，第一句说每个人都应负起责任，毫不犹豫地履行自己的职责。第二句说错误并不是坏事，只要我们从中学习便可以获得进步。

心得：

要想写好哲理性的文章，平时要养成思考的习惯。在行文过程中，先辨明道理，而后与时事相结合是个不错的选择。不要忘记最后给出有力的结论。

Direction 29

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture;

2. point out the serious consequences of this phenomenon;

3. suggest possible solutions.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

该题谈论了是一个非常令人担忧的现象——许多学生沉迷于网络游戏和网上聊天。结构非常清晰，分为三个部分——描述图画，说明危害，提出解决办法。我们可按照提纲来构建我们的文章，将文章分成三段来写。

Sample:

In the net bar, those who are present are obviously all school children. Different are the things they are doing on computers—some are playing games and some are chatting online; but the same are the expressions they wear before the computers—attentive and addicted. It seems that they are so absorbed in the unreal world that they may not notice anything around them in the real world.

As is known to all, the addiction to net games and chat can do great harm to children. First of all, it will affect their study by taking up a lot of time and energy. Secondly, radiation from computers will harm their health, especially their eyes. In addition, their indulging in the unreal world will have negative influence on their communication with people in the real world, and thus will hamper the development of their personality and mental health.

From my point of view, in order to solve this problem, the primary responsibility falls on parents, who are supposed to have more significant influence on the growth of children. By improving mutual communication, they can establish a better relationship with the children, make them feel they are cared and understood, and reasonably direct their interests. Next come teachers and schools, who, undoubtedly, play an important role in children’s education. Besides teaching knowledge in class, they should help children develop various interests to fill their after?class time, such as sports and scientific invention. In my belief, the problem of children’s addiction in net games and chat can be solved through efficient communication and proper guidance.

点评：

文章的第一段是描述图画。共分三句话，第一句话说网吧里都是学生。第二句采用对比法，说不同的是有的打游戏，有的上网聊天，可相同的是都那样专注。第三句采用结果状语从句，充分描述了他们此时的状态。

第二段首句是段落的主题句。而后分三个方面来谈，第一点是影响学习;第二点是有害健康;第三点是对个人成长极为不利。

第三段分两个方面来说，即家长和教师，结构极为清晰。最后一句话是结论，是对前面两点(共四句话)的总结。

心得：

该文章是典型的“现象——后果——办法”模式的文章，通过分析图画和文章，我们可以迅速确定文章的结构和发展，这是非常重要的。

Direction 30

Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

1) describe the drawing，

2) give possible reasons for the phenomenon, and

3) suggest possible solutions for the problem.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

该文提纲可分为三个部分：描述图画;给出图画所表现的现象的原因;给出解决问题的办法。这是一种非常常见的文章模式。在提纲中直接给出主题的情况不多，如果没有给出，就应该在第一段或第二段开头明确地点出来。图画题一般有两种情况，一种是平铺直叙，直接写图画反映的问题或现象;一种是含义深刻，简洁的图画中蕴涵着深刻的道理。一般来说，后者的难度较高。这里属于前一种情况。

Sample:

In the picture, we can see clearly that two small children are showing off their father’s business cards. One says proudly, “My father is the manager of his department.” And the other immediately laughs at him and utters, “Oh, that’s nothing. My father is the CEO of a multinational corporation.”

The reasons why such a worrying phenomenon arises, in my belief, are as follows. First, in the social transformation period, some people pay more and more attention to wealth and status, and link success to such superficial factors, thus making a destructive compact on children. Second, today’s media, to some extent, have actually aggravated such an unfavorable situation. In films and TV series a happy and ideal life is often depicted as a luxurious one, which will inevitably have an adverse effect on young people who are still not mature enough to distinguish between right and wrong. Third, teachers, on many occasions, have not done a satisfactory job. The present education system sometimes attaches too much attention to the scores and grades of students and overlooks their personality development.

To change the present unfavorable situation all of us must make immediate and substantial efforts. The government should try it best to create a social atmosphere in which people cherish diligence, conscience and simplicity. Teachers and schools should make every effort to teach the students to grow up into responsible and enterprising citizens who are determined to contribute to the development of the community, the nation and the whole world. Parents should let students get in touch with the society, helping them know that a meaningful life is one that brings significance to others. Only in this way can we hope to solve such a disturbing problem and ensure the brilliant future of our nation.

点评：

该文共分三段。第一段描述图画。一般说来，先描述图画，后点明主题的情形比较多——这样写重在归纳，比较重视逻辑和事物发展的内部联系。而本文首句即点明主题，即本文所述的现象——孩子吹嘘父亲职位、相互攀比的现象——这样写开门见山，非常有力度。

第二段写了该现象产生的原因。第一句话是段落的主题句，而后分社会、媒体和老师三个方面来说。

第三段写解决问题的办法，第一句话是主题句，之后分别写政府、老师和家长正确的做法。这里没有使用象first,second,third这样的连接词，但由于采用了平行的主语，仍达到了结构清晰的效果。最后一句话是结论句，使用了强势的倒装句，句中使用了连词and，前面写“解决问题”，正好与提纲相扣，后面写“保证国家的美好明天”，是升华的部分，请大家用心体会末句的写法。

心得：

第二段与第三段均分三点来写，其中两点严格呼应，另一点并未严格呼应(家长)。这是平行之间见变化的高级写法，即两点是显性呼应，一点是隐性呼应。

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Direction 21

Read the following story carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. retell the story briefly;

2. interpret the meaning;

3. make your comments.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

题目：

Where are we going?

A boat docked in a tiny Mexican village. An American tourist complimented the Mexican fisherman on the quality of his fish and asked how long it took him to catch them. “Not very long,” answered the Mexican.

“But then, why didn?t you stay out longer and catch more?” asked the American.

The Mexican explained that his small catch was sufficient to meet his needs and those of his family.

The American asked, “But what do you do with the rest of your time?”

“I sleep late, fish a little, play with my children, and take a siesta with my wife. In the evenings, I go into the village to see my friends, play the guitar, and sing a few songs...I have a full life.”

The American interrupted, “I have an MBA from Harvard and I can help you! You should start by fishing longer every day. You can then sell the extra fish you catch. With the extra revenue, you can buy a bigger boat. With the extra money the larger boat will bring, you can buy a second one and a third one and so on until you have an entire fleet of trawlers. Instead of selling your fish to a middle man, you can negotiate directly with the processing plants and maybe even open your own plant. You can then leave this little village and move to Mexico City, Los Angeles, or even New York City! From there you can direct your huge enterprise.”

“How long would that take?” asked the Mexican. “Twenty, perhaps twenty?five years,” replied the American. “And after that?”

“Afterwards? That?s when it gets really interesting,” answered the American, laughing. “When your business gets really big, you can start selling stocks and make millions!”

“Millions? Really? And after that?”

“After that you?ll be able to retire, live in a tiny village near the coast, sleep late, play with your children, catch a few fish, take a siesta, and spend your evenings enjoying your friends!”

审题：

在本书的大作文中，我们不仅为大家提供了图画题和图表题，还提供了一些比较特殊的题目，比如这篇看文章写作。我们这样做，不仅因为国外考试中有类似的形式，更重要的是想拓宽大家的视野，提高大家的应变能力。

该题目先给出了一篇极富哲理的三百余字的短文，而后提出了三点要求，简述该故事;阐释其中含义;给出你的评论。这篇文章可以分成三段来写：第一段是简要地重述该故事;第二段阐释含义并作出评论;最后一段是结语。

Sample:

In the above story, an American tourist wishes to turn a Mexican fisherman into a millionaire so that the latter can enjoy a happy life. The fisherman simply turns him down because he has been living that kind of happy life now.

This story makes every one of us look at the ultimate question of happiness closer and deeper. Do we need to tell others how to be happy? Is getting rich the only way to be a happy person? Does earning a lot of money surely bring an intense feeling of happiness? Happiness is a largely related with individual perception, and there is definitely no need for us to reshape others’ lives in the name of bringing them happiness. Furthermore, becoming rich does not necessarily bring happiness, if we cannot control ourselves to spend money in the right way. Finally, to travel happily and hopefully is equal to and even better than to arrive. It is not wise at all to sacrifice youth, health or today’s happiness just for a bright future in our dreams.

Happiness is a feeling. We go a thousand miles and spend many years to pursue what we actually can grasp today. Around us there are too many people who are busy all day, and those who are smart enough to enjoy life are always few.

点评：

这篇文章分为三段。第一段写得非常简洁，这一段很能体现出我们总结概括的能力。该段只有两句话，突出描写了美国人的意图和墨西哥渔民截然相反的态度。

第二段是核心段落。第一句直接点出了该文讨论的主题：幸福。而后三句话连续三个问题，对文中以美国人为代表的一大批人的观点表示质疑。后四句给出回答：第五句说幸福与个人的感觉相关;第六句说变得富有不一定能带来幸福;第七、八句最耐人寻味：快乐地、充满希望地旅行甚至比到达更好，为了梦想中的光明未来而牺牲自己的青春、健康或今天的幸福是不明智的。其中第七句暗引了苏格兰作家Robert Louis Stevenson的名句：To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive.

最后一段做结：幸福是一种感觉。我们跨越千里，等待多年所追逐的其实就在身边。匆匆忙忙的人总是太多，能享受生活的人却寥寥无几啊。

心得：

如果提纲中给出的要求是阐释含义并给出评论，这类文章是比较难写的。这篇文章大家一定要细细琢磨，领悟其中的深刻含义。

Direction 22

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture;

2. interpret the meaning of the picture;

3. draw your conclusion.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

《井干方知水可贵》该图画以简洁的笔触说明了深刻的道理，这类文章考察的可能性是相当大的。

Sample:

The picture focuses on a person standing by a well. Looking at the empty barrel at hand, he sighs, “My God, there is no water at all. I should not have wasted it.”

We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. Similarly, we never realize the worth of the best things in life until they are lost. When we are young, some of us bear a destination in mind and try to reach it at all costs. In the due process, we either lose health or our friends—even if we reach that destination at last, will we be happy? Others always think God is not fair to them—they are so frustrated that they can not accumulate the courage to change their lives for the better. When youth becomes history, their world will be even colder and more hopeless.

Many of the best things in the world are just in our own hands. It is certainly not easy to realize this point, and even more difficult to cherish them to the uttermost. If we realize the value of youth, health and friends, we will be among the happiest persons of the world.

点评：

这篇文章的布局相当简单，共分三段。第一段描述图画。第二段阐释含义，也就是说明其中蕴涵的深刻道理。第三段下结论。

第一段非常简洁。第二段共有六句话，第一句话一针见血，非常关键。第二句是类推，颇具哲理。第三句和第四句说我们在向着目标奋进的过程中常常失去了宝贵的东西，如健康、朋友。第五句话说有些人慨叹命运的不公。第六句话说当青春失去时，世界将变得冰冷无望。第三段是结语，共分三句话。首先说世上许多最好的东西实际上就在我们手中;然后说理解到这点是不容易的，而做到就更不容易了;最后说如果我们意识到了青春、健康和朋友的价值，我们就是最幸福的人了。

心得：

看到这副图画，关键是建立表面的含义和隐藏深刻的含义之间的联系。“井干方知水可贵”可推衍至人生中可贵的东西，如青春、健康和友情等。如果平时多思考、多写作，考试时即使遇到不同的题目，也能快速反应，找到正确的应对方法。

这篇文章的重要特点就是列举，将具体图画与抽象的人生中可贵的东西建立类比联系之后，一定要举出具体的有代表性的这类可贵的事物。第二段分两个方面来说，先说了健康与朋友，后说了青春。第三段中一定要与第二段中直接呼应，将这三者再列举一次才能取得理想的效果。

Direction 23

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture;

2. interpret the meaning of the picture;

3. make your comments.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这道题的出题方式我们已遇到多次了，是“描述图画+阐释含义+作出评论”的模式，这种模式在写作中的灵活程度比较大。

Sample:

In the picture, a young man asks an old man, “What can be got without pains in this world?” The old man replies, “There is only one thing: poverty.”

Looking at the drawing, I think a lot. It tells us that we have to make strenuous efforts whenever we want to be successful in a particular field. How can a person achieve his ultimate goal without long?time practices and continuous attempts?

A good case in point is mountaineering. Nobody is born a good mountain climber, and one can only become a skilled one after countless injuries. The scenery at the mountaintop is fantastic, but the road to the summit is always rough and full of hardships and dangers. Isn’t scientific research the same? Countless sleepless nights, thousands of failures and even more—all of these are part of a scientist’s life. Only a few of them can make great scientific breakthroughs, and all of these people are the most persevering.

On the contrary, if a person is determined to live an idle life, and wait for God to put something in his hands, then that thing should and could only be poverty. If a person has neither ideal nor the determination to live better and let others live better, his existence is not meaningful at all.

点评：

这篇文章共分四段：首段是描述图画;次段是总结寓意;第三段是举例说明;第四段是下结论。该文最引人注目之处是第三个段落，整段举了两个例子。我们在多年的考研阅卷中发现，大多数同学的举例是不成功的。举例子要具备两个条件才能成功，一是典型——既要紧扣主题，又要具有代表性，能够震撼人心，切忌不痛不痒;二是精练——用简洁的话语表达深刻的意义，切忌拖泥带水。本文第三段在这点上很值得学习。

文章第一段非常简洁。第二段的首句是过渡性的句子，次句直接对图画的意义做出总结——无论我们想在哪个领域获得成功，都必须付出艰辛的努力。接着采用了语气非常强烈的反问句——没有长时间的实践和不断的努力，一个人又怎能实现最终的目标?第三段包括了两个例子，一个是登山，一个是科学研究。第四段是结尾段落，首先与第三段是相对的，其次又呼应了文章的首段，非常精妙。该段共有两句话，第一句话说如果一个人下定决心要过闲散的生活，等着上天在他手中放上某样东西，那么这样东西就只能是贫穷。第二句话进一步说，如果一个人既没有理想也没有决心让自己和别人过得更好，那么他的存在就失去了意义。第二句话与第一句采用了同样的句式，语气却更加强烈，给人留下了很深刻的印象。该段第一句话中的should and could be...是一个高级用法，意思是“将会是而且只能是”。

心得：

我们重点来看一下举例的段落，即第三段。该段共有六句话。第一句话引出了登山。第二句话是一个经典句子，没有人生来就是一个好的登山者，一个人只有在无数伤痛后才能成长起来——该句的内在逻辑联系非常强。第三句话说山顶的风光绮丽，但通往顶点的路却充满艰辛(句中有平行名词的用法)。第四句话采用反问句巧妙过渡到科学研究上来。第五句先用平行的名词词组，而后在破折号后写道“所有这些都是科学家生活的一部分”相当独特。注意句中part一定不要加冠词。最后一句写道，他们中只有一小部分人能取得重大的科学突破，而这些人又都是最坚忍之人。

请大家仔细学习这一段落。一是该段的构建方法，看句子与句子是怎样有机结合，层层推进，构成一个理想的段落的。二是学习本段的举例方法。例子是用来说明道理的，如果能说到点子上，说得透彻，就一定能服人。

Direction 24

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture,

2. interpret the meaning of the picture;

3. make your comments.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

《踢皮球》图画题最常见的有两种情况，一是写世间的哲理，一是写常见的社会现象或社会问题，这里是后一种情形。简单的图画，深刻的寓意——这是当前图画题最主要的趋势之一。

拿到这个题目后，我们认为它和其它的一些题目反映的情况不尽相同——随着市场经济的发展，顾客被生产者和销售商推来搡去的现象已大有改观，所以我们可以这样来安排全文——首段描述图画，次段以自身感受为基础，描述过去的这种情形，第三段写现在已经大为改善的情况，末段下结论。

Sample:

The picture describes a match of kicking the ball: the person on the left has just kicked the ball toward the person on the right, who has already been ready to kick the ball back. A close examination will help us find out that this is a match between the producer and the seller—both of them refuse to take on the responsibility whenever the customer reports a problem.

We can’t forget those days in the past when we went shopping. The shop assistant was so cold and indifferent that we usually had to wait for long. We often had no right of comparing and selecting. Later when we found there was something wrong with the product, the chance of getting it exchanged was slim, not to mention returning it to the shop. The shop always said the producer was to blame, and if we went to the producer directly, the latter would say that it was not common practice for a customer to contact the producer. Even if we finally succeeded in exchanging the product, it always took too much time and wasted too much energy.

In the present environment of market economy, we are happy to see that the situation in our nation has improved significantly. When a customer is not satisfied with a product, he is entitled to return it to the store and get refunded during a certain period of time. If that time limit has passed, the customer still has the right to get the product exchanged.

In this era of fast economic development, both the producer and the seller should first cater to the needs of the customer. Anyone who fails to do so will be driven out of the market sooner or later.

点评：

首段先写看到一场足球比赛，而后仔细一看，原来是生产者和销售商在产品质量出现问题时将消费者推来搡去。

第二段用六句话描述我们曾经有过的痛苦的经历。第一句话是个引子。第二、三句描写购物时不愉快的经历。第四句说发现质量问题后，要换非常麻烦，更用不着说是退了。第五句话生动地再现了销售者和生产商都拒绝负责的情形。末句说即使最后商品得以调换，也花费了大量的时间和精力——话语中充满了无奈。

第三段说现在的情况已大幅改善。顾客有权在一段时间内退货，如果期限已过，也可以换货。段中be entitled to表示“有权利做某事”，refund表示“退款”。

末段总结。第一句说在这个经济快速发展的时期，生产商和销售商都应把顾客的需求放在首位。第二句反过来说，任何做不到的人都迟早会被市场淘汰。

心得：

首段由远及近的写法非常有效。第二段以时间为线索，描述了过去不愉快的经历。这一段以时间为线索，所以即使句子较多，也丝毫不显得凌乱。第三段说明了现在的情形，与第二段形成鲜明的对比。末段正说加反说的办法很有说服力。

Direction 25

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture;

2. interpret the meaning of the picture;

3. make your comments.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

该图画描写的是一个敏感的社会问题——平价药店受到各方遏制的现象。这篇文章的难度比较高。在描述图画后，可分三段来写：先写药价偏高的现象，再写平价药店的崛起及受到的压制，最后写解决办法。

Sample:

We can see from the picture that several people are condemning a person so violently that it seems that some of them even want to beat him hard. The person has crouched down, with virtually no possibility of striking back. After looking at the picture carefully, we realize that the low?price drugstore has evoked anger and even hatred in many drug factories, various dealers, traditional drugstores and hospitals.

As we all know, the price of drugs in our nation has been too high for quite a long time. After drugs are produced in factories, they go first to the chief dealer, then the subsidiary dealer, and then finally to the hospitals and drugstores. Such a traditional mode of drug circulation drove the total medical expenses higher, putting a heavy burden on urban and rural residents alike.

The rise of low?price drugstores changes the situation completely. When drugs succeed in flowing to such drugstores immediately after production, the cost of management becomes much lower, thus selling drugs at a much lower and reasonable price also becomes possible. But such operation irritates many parties who feel that their interests have been hurt in the process. Among them are dealers, traditional drugstores, hospitals and even some factories. When all of them combine to oppose the newcomers, the existence of these new drugstores is at risk.

I believe that the government should endeavor first to foster such drugstores and then to reform the drug circulation and the medical system as a whole. When we give priority to the interests of the common people, the making of a harmonious society will not be difficult.

点评：

该文共分四段。第一段还是采用先描写图画表层表现的打斗场面，而后再进一步引出本文的主题——新生的平价药店受到各方打压。

第二段写了药价过高的现象及其原因。主要原因就是药店流通环节过多，层层加价，给居民带来了巨大的负担。

第三段先写了平价药店的诞生改变了当前的局面。之后写了它们激怒了利益受损的各方，其中有销售商、传统药店、医院和一些药厂。当它们群起攻之时，新的平价药店的生存就受到了威胁。

第四段写政府应当扶植这些平价药店，并改革药品流通和整个医疗体系。最后进一步说，当我们首先考虑普通大众的利益时，和谐社会的构建就不是难事了。

心得：

这篇文章涉及的话题比较难写，我们如果对此问题并不是非常熟悉，就不必深入去写，因为考察的重点是语言，这一点大家切记。

下面来看一些重点的词和词组。

首段首句中的condemn意即“声讨”。次句中的crouch表示“蜷缩”。第三句中的evoke表示“激起”。

第二段中的drug circulation意思是“药品流通”。

第三段第二句中flow的意思是“流通”，the cost of management表示“管理成本”。第三句中的irritate表示“激怒”。末句的at risk表示“受到威胁”。

末段首句的endeavor表示“努力”，后接不定式。次句中的give priority to表示“优先考虑”，harmonious society表示“和谐社会”。

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Directions 16

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture;

2. interpret the meaning;

3. suggest possible solutions.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

该文的图画画了两个人望楼兴叹，很明显该文谈的是我国当前的房价过高、房地产行业如何良性发展的问题。

Sample:

In the picture, two people are talking about a newly built set of apartment buildings. One says, “It is too expensive.” The other goes on to say, “How can we afford it?” It is obvious that the drawer of this picture wants to draw our attention towards our real estate industry.

Nowadays, our real estate industry has experienced such an unprecedented boom that all of us begin to consider it as too hot in one way or another. The average price has been soaring for quite a few years. In some big cities it seems to be out of control—it has been nearly impossible for the common local citizens to afford a satisfactory apartment in the downtown area. Consequently, how to create a healthier and more reasonable property market has been a problem of great importance.

Among all the possible measures, I believe the following ones are the most appropriate. In the first place, the legislators should establish a series of policies so as to curb speculation and thus keep the price of houses at a reasonable level. In the second place, the governments at all levels should make better use of the limited land resources by building theme communities in the suburbs. Last but by no means the least, more economically affordable housing should be built so as to relieve the burden of common citizens.

Only through the joint efforts of all sides can we realize the healthy development of our housing market. Until that time, our people will surely possess their own houses and enjoy a better and more harmonious life.

点评：

该文分为四段来写。第一段先描写两个人的对话。之后末句引到主题上，即我国的房地产行业。

第二段先写当前房地产过热，而后说价格猛涨。在某些大城市里房价似乎失控——人们无力购房。末句写创造健康理性的房地产市场成为了重要问题。

第三段分三点来写应采取的措施。

最后一段做结，第一句承上段说只有各方通力合作才能实现房地产市场的健康发展。第二句说到那个时候，人们将能拥有自己的房屋并享受更好更和谐的生活。这一句是呼应第一段，非常重要。

心得：

文中real estate industry是“房地产行业”，而property market和housing market指的是房地产市场。

首段末句是引出主题的句子，请大家用心识记。

第二段首句是结果状语从句的用法。第三句有破折号的用法。第四句中有平行的形容词比较级的用法，相当精彩。

第三段首句是模板句。第二句中的curb speculation表示“遏制投机”。第三句中的theme communities表示“主题社区”。第四句中的economically affordable housing表示“经济适用房”。

末段首句是倒装句，语气强烈。第二句有两处平行结构，先有平行的动宾结构，后有形容词比较级的平行，非常引人注目，特别是后面一对，一个是以er结尾，一个是加more，显得错落有致。

Directions 17

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture;

2. interpret the meaning;

3. make your comments.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这道题目比较特殊——图画上没有对话，只有一个忘情弹奏的人，下面有一句极富哲理的话。而提纲中的第二点和第三点分别是阐释含义和作出评论，而不是具体的指令，这样写来难度更大，自由度也更大。

Sample:

As can be seen from the picture, a person is playing the piano—he is so much immersed in the beautiful music that he seems to forget completely what is going on around him. The Chinese characters below the picture say: Writing is like playing the piano—first you must learn to play by the rules, then you must forget the rules and play from your heart. What significant and thought?provoking words they are!

To me, writing is a life?long endeavor: it is often hard and frustrating at the beginning, but it often becomes enjoyable and fruitful as time goes by. First, you have to learn the fundamental knowledge and acquire the simple skills, just as you must know the keys on a piano before you can really produce a whole piece of music. Afterwards, I believe there should a prolonged period of practice, largely characterized by recitation, analysis and imitation. This is the period when we fully understand and deeply appreciate the beauty and excellence of masterpieces. This is also the period when we apply the particular skills of manipulating words, fabricating sentences and creating paragraphs by imitating great writers directly. Finally, when all of this is done, one day we will suddenly forget all those rules and regulations—like a bird flying freely in the sky, we begin to take on our own styles. We can eventually express our ideas, feelings and emotions smoothly—like beautiful notes, words spring out from our hearts one after another, until they merge into a stream or even a river. At that time, we can be sure to say that we begin to understand what writing is.

点评：

这篇文章写成了两段而不是三段，是非常特殊的。如果提纲中的第二点和第三点分别是给出原因和解决办法，就不能这么写。

第一段分别描述了忘情弹奏的人和图下面的一句话，而后末句用了一个感叹句。

第二段是关键段落。首先是总结性的话语。而后以时间为线索分三个阶段来写。第一个阶段只有一句话，用了类比法：你得先学会写作的基础知识和简单技能，就象认识钢琴上的键一样。第二个阶段有三句话，先说这个阶段是以背诵、分析和模仿为特征的一般较长的练习时期。而后两句话作进一步说明，这两句话是平行的：这是我们能够完全理解和欣赏经典杰作之美的时期，也是我们通过直接模仿大作家来应用具体的词、句、段的技能的时期。第三个阶段共有三句话。首先说当所有这些都完成之后，我们有一天会突然发现自己忘记了所有的规则——就象一只自由飞翔的鸟儿，我们开始有了自己的风格。而后说我们终于能够自由地表达思想和情感——就象美妙的乐章一样，词从我们的心中喷涌而出，直到汇成小溪或河流。最后一句说，直到那时，我们知道我们开始理解写作了。最后这句结语举重若轻，效果却很强烈，就象米开朗基罗弥留之际说的自己开始懂得一点点绘画了一样，看似平淡，却非常具有震撼力。

心得：

一般说来，哲理性的文章是相当有难度的。本文是一篇以类比来表达深刻道理的文章，这就需要大家先弄清一对事物之间的类比关系，体会其中的妙处，再一步步地深入细致地进行描述，这是不容易的。请大家仔细研读范文，必能在这方面有所收获。

在行文中，不断地体现开始的这种类比关系，能使主题进一步加强。这在第二段的第一个和第三个时期均有明显的体现。

Direction18

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture,

2. list the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization;

3. draw your conclusion.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

由于提纲清晰，这篇文章的结构易于把握：先描述图画，之后分两段来说城市化的利与弊，最后下结论。

Sample:

In the picture, we see a newly emerging community: there are supermarkets, schools, banks and hospitals. A resident tells us, “Eight years ago it was still the countryside.” The history of reform and opening?up is the history of rapid economic development; it is also the history of large?scale urbanization of our nation.

I firmly believe that the advantages of urbanization are many. First, when more and more people flood into cities, the city is often becoming bigger and bigger and many people move out of the downtown area and into the suburbs. This trend of urban construction is beneficial to future city development as a whole. Second, it provides more development opportunities for big cities. With more and more people coming to the city, urban development is experiencing a new round of leaping forward.

Urbanization may also bring a series of unfavorable consequences. First, the farmland in the country is shrinking. Second, sometimes, the rural land, rivers and air are polluted. When more and more new factories are set up, the surrounding environment is likely to decay. In my mind, it is not necessarily the result. Finally, the young people who still practice farming are becoming fewer and fewer. Some of them go to big cities to pursue a better life. Some of them stay at home, but begin to do business or work in local factories.

All in all, urbanization brings more benefits than problems. The present society is experiencing great changes—what we should be sure is that we strike a balance between economical development and environmental protection.

点评：

在提纲中出现关键词，是少见的，我们一定要抓住这里的重要信息。这里的urbanization即是文章讨论的主题。

文章共分四段。首段在描述图画后做了小结，巧妙引入本文主题——城市化。第二段与第三段分别谈论城市化的利和弊。第二段列举了城市化的两个优点。第三段写了城市化的三个缺点。第四段下结论——城市化的利大于弊。

心得：

该文结构比较简单，解决了结构问题后，我们就应该在语言上面多下功夫。

首段末句使用平行结构与分号引出本文主题——城市化，非常引人注目。次段第一点中的move out of the downtown area and into the suburbs这一词组是同一动词接不同地点状语的情形。第二点中的With more and more people coming to the city是介词引导的复合结构。第三段第一点中的shrink表示缩减，用在这里很妥当。第二点中的decay表示“变坏”。第三点中的pursue表示“追求”。末段的第二句中有破折号的用法。

Direction 19

Study the following table carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the table;

2. give possible reasons for the change;

3. make your comments.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

年份 1999 2000 2001 2002

我国城镇登记失业人数(万人) 575 595 681 770

我国城镇登记失业率(%) 3.1 3.1 3.6 4.0

审题：

这是一道图表题。在考研的大作文中，近年来出现几率最大的是图画题，而图表题出现的几率就要小一些。与图画题相似，图表题的首段总是要描述图表。按照这篇文章的提纲，第二段应写成描写原因的段落。第三点提纲是给出评论，对于社会问题类的情形，一般写作解决问题的办法。最后可有一段做结。

Sample:

As can be seen from the table, the number of registered unemployed persons in urban areas of our nation has increased from 5.75 million in 1999 to 7.7 million in 2002. Accordingly, the registered unemployment rate in urban areas has jumped from 3.1 percent to 4 percent during the same period.

In my mind, the reasons why the unemployment rate of our nation has been on the rise are as follows. First of all, under market economy, private factories and foreign companies take the lead in improving efficiency and lowering the cost—in the due process, cutting the number of employees is always a choice. Furthermore, state?owned enterprises also have been undergoing fundamental changes. The traditional mode of high employment, low salary has largely been reformed to keep pace with the economic take?off. In such a transformation period, some of them fail to meet the needs of the market, and finally go bankrupt, leaving many more people jobless.

To successfully cope with the present problem, several measures should be taken. On the one hand, the government should create more job opportunities by gradually optimizing the industrial structure. On the other hand, the employees should seize every chance to improve personal skills. With higher expertise, they are able to stand up to the challenges of a new job.

Such problems are largely the natural result of the rapid economic development initiated by the reform and opening?up policy. When all of us have the courage to face the challenge and the determination to adapt to the change, a sound solution will not be far away.

点评：

本文分为四段。第一段描述图表非常简洁，将头尾趋势描述了出来，每个变量的数据超过三个，所以不必一一描述。

第二段是描述原因的段落，首句是模板句。第一点中的take the lead in improving efficiency and lowering the cost表示“率先提高效率、降低成本”。第二点分三句话，第一句中的state?owned enterprises表示“国有企业”，undergo fundamental changes表示“经历了根本的变化”。第二句中的the traditional mode of high employment, low salary表示“高就业率、低工资的传统模式”，the economic take?off表示“经济腾飞”。第三句中的go bankrupt表示“破产”。

心得：

图表题出现得较少，变化也比图画题少一些。我们应首先熟悉图表中对于数据变化的描述，而后对全文段落的安排做到心中有数。

Direction 20

Study the following table carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the table;

2. interpret the trend;

3. make your comments.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

指标名称 1989 1997 2002

每万人口医院床位数(张) 22.8 23.5 23.2

每万人口医生数(人) 15.2 16.1 14.7

人均卫生总费用支出(元) 76.7 186.4 442.5

审题：

审题包括两个部分，一个是读图画或图表，一个是看提纲。成功的审题就是将两者有机地结合起来，确定文章的最终布局。这道题还是属于图表题中的表格题，比较特殊。表格中共有三个变量，应该看出来有一个变量，即人均卫生总费用支出是大幅增长的，而另两个变量，即每万人口医院床位数和每万人口医生数，是基本未变的。第一段的工作就是描述这两个趋势。第二段中阐释这一趋势，就是要重点突出这一对比。第三段做出评论，对于一种不能令人满意的现状甚至令人担忧的社会问题，大多数时候最好的选择就是写改进或解决问题的办法了。

Sample:

From the table we can see clearly that total medical expenses per capita rose from 76.5 yuan in 1989 to 186.4 yuan in 1997 and then to 442.5 yuan in 2002. In the same period, the number of hospital beds every 10,000 people and the number of doctors every 10,000 people stayed at almost the same level.

This table illustrates clearly the discrepancy between the soaring medical expenses and the unsatisfactory hospital facilities. On the one hand, the money spent on medical care has climbed sharply in the past decade. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the medical expense has soared to 7.3 percent of the total expenses of urban residents, and 6.0 of that of rural residents in 2003. On the other hand, the limited scale of hospitals cannot meet the needs of our people. It is true that we have more advanced medical instruments, but the numbers of beds and doctors have changed little over the last decade. We all know that timely medical operation is extremely important in many cases, but how can we ensure it without finding a bed first?

To improve the present situation we have a long way to go. In the first place, we have to standardize medical practices, regulate the drug circulation and perfect the medical care system to bring down the medical expenses. In the second place, we should build more first?class hospitals, expand the scale of present hospitals and turn out more medical talents. If all of these can be accomplished our people will surely receive better medical care and live a happier life.

点评：

本文共分三段。第一段两句话，第一句话以常见的句型From the table we can see clearly that开始，描写了人均卫生总费用支出逐年攀升的事实。而第二句以In the same period强势开头，描述了其它两个变量基本不变(stay at almost the same level)的情形，概括性很强。

第二段首句对上面的数字变化进行总结，突出了discrepancy(差异)一词，一方面是高涨(soar)的医疗费用，另一方面是不能令人满意的医院设施，而后分两方面来说。第一方面分两句话，先说医疗费用剧烈攀升。而后举出国家统计局的数字，是医疗费用占城市和农村居民支出的百分比，很有说服力。如果我们没有确凿的数据，就不要这样写，切忌胡编乱造。另一方面的描述共分三句话，先说医院有限的规模无法满足人民的需求。第二句相当于although引导的让步状语从句，但是语气更强一些——我们虽然医疗器械有所改进，但床位数和医生数无甚改观。最后一句话说我们都知道及时的手术很重要，可如果连床位都没有怎能保证手术呢?

第三段写改进的办法。首句是总括句，说我们任重道远，而后分两方面来说。第一方面是说采取措施(规范医疗操作、调控药品流通和优化医疗保健体系)来降低医疗费用。第二方面是说通过建立更多的一流医院、扩充现有医院的规模和培养更多的医学人才来解决当前的矛盾。最后一句是结语——如果所有这些都能实现，我们的人民一定能接受更好的医疗保健，过上更幸福的生活。

心得：

要想写好一篇文章，首先是审题——对图表(图画)和提纲所构成的语境的把握一定要准确。其次是具体到段落，在遣词造句上一定要考究，要多下功夫。平时多积累，多写作是很重要的，因为能够成为考题的潜在主题不超过两百个，很多词、词组与句型出现的几率更要高得多，所以平时的积累和操练至关重要。

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Directions 11

Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the two pictures,

2. give the reasons of such a phenomenon, and

3. list possible solutions.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这篇文章的结构很典型，而选择的写法却很特殊——我们选择兼顾图画所体现的两方面的问题，即自私和违反规则两个方面。如果第一段这样来点明，那么第二段和第三段均应这样展开，使文章形成一个有机的整体。

Sample:

In the first picture, two persons are talking loudly in the library as if they were the only persons there. In the second picture, a man is talking happily on the phone in the cinema, while a film is on. From these two pictures, we come across such people who are so selfish as to always think of themselves instead of others on the one hand, and who are so bold as to defy those rules and regulations on the other hand.

Why do they behave in this way? On the one hand, they are brought up in such a way as to take their own interests into consideration whenever anything arises. This may not be the original purpose of parents and teachers, but this is largely the result of today’s education. Children learn from what adults do, not what they say. Years of teaching in class and family may tell them how to do, but hours of real?life practice may be more influential. On the other hand, they are brought up in such a way as not to take rules and regulations seriously. In their belief, rules and regulations only restrain those silly people, and the violation of them can be both exciting and admirable.

To solve this problem, all of us have a long way to go. First, teachers and parents should act in such a way to teach young children to always take others into consideration whenever they take action. Second, the authorities should severely punish anyone who violates rules and regulations. To protect the rights of more people, such punishment is more than necessary.

点评：

第一段先用两句话描述两幅图画，而后用一句话做总结，用on the one hand和on the other hand将问题的两个方面清晰地表达了出来。

第二段的首句没有使用传统的表示原因的模板句，如The reasons for this phenomenon are twofold / threefold.而是用了一个设问句，使行文显得生动活泼。之后分两个方面来说明为何他们会自私和不遵守规则。

第三段首句是典型的办法类的模板句。而后分两方面来说解决问题的办法，与第一段、第二段严格对应。

心得：

这篇文章给我们留下的最大的印象就是前后呼应，三段采用了同样的结构，这样读来自然觉得流畅。

就句子写作而言，内部突出对比的句子总是给人留下深刻的印象，下面我们就以第二段的第一点为例来说明。这一点分四句话，后三句都属于句内表示对比的情形。第二句话一针见血——这不一定是父母和老师的初衷，但却是今天教育的结果。大家自然要想，为何结果偏离了初衷呢?下面接着说，孩子们学的是大人的做法，而不是说法。这句话简练、深刻。下面一句最为精彩，多年的学校和家庭教育告诉他们如何去做，而数小时的实践可能更加有影响力。这明确地说明，只有投入了真实的生活之中，孩子们才能真正有所体会，才能真正成长。没有真实生活的洗礼，孩子们又怎能了解人生的真理，怎能为他人考虑呢?

好的句子是深入思索(思想方面)和不断练习(语言方面)相结合的结果，只要我们不懈努力，总有达到“何意百炼钢，化为绕指柔”的那一天。

Directions 12

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture,

2. interpret their meaning, and

3. make your comment on this phenomenon.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这篇文章配的图很简单，而意义却是深刻的。提纲的第二部分和第三部分分别是阐释含义和做出评论，我们可以分成三块来写：提出问题——从两方面分析——下结论。这样文章包含开始描述图画的部分就有了四个部分。

笔记本电脑可以写作laptop computer, portable computer, notebook computer, notebook PC，在文中应替换使用。

Sample:

In the above picture a university student is phoning his mother, “In order to make progress in my study, I want to buy a laptop computer.”

Is a laptop computer indispensable? Does a laptop computer mean greater possibility of academic excellence? Does a student without a laptop computer have no chance of success? It is obvious that the drawer wants all of us to think deeply before providing the answer. To reach a reasonable conclusion, we should analyze this problem from two perspectives.

On the one hand, we cannot guarantee that the student will use the portable computer solely for study?related purposes. Most of them have not lived independently, so they do not know how hard it is to make a living. Once they have the computer at hand, those students who lack selfcontrol may be indulged in computer games or online chatting, which will waste their time and affect their health.

On the other hand, a student without a notebook computer can also be a top student. Sometimes students do need computers to finish assignments, and the computer rooms on campus can often meet that purpose. For those students whose majors call for frequent use of computers, they also can buy the desktop one, which is much cheaper.

After careful consideration, we should say that the luxurious learning equipment such as a laptop computer is not necessary unless the parents can easily afford it and the student uses it only to facilitate his work and study.

点评：

大家可能会问：出题人是让我们就题论题写笔记本电脑呢，还是推衍开去泛泛而论这样的奢侈类学习用品呢?在这里我们写成两种情形都是可以的，范文中是先就笔记本电脑展开提问和思索，最后做结时用了“诸如笔记本电脑的奢侈型学习用品”的字眼。

文章共分五段。第一段描述图画，非常简洁。第二段连问了三个问题：笔记本电脑必不可少吗?它一定会推动学业进步吗?没有就学不好吗?第一个问题是核心，包含了后面两个问题。之后的两句话是过渡句，起承上启下的作用。第三段和第四段分别回答上面的后两个问题，均得到了否定的答案。而最后一段下结论直接呼应了第一个问题——说明笔记本电脑不是必需的，只有同时符合两个条件时，笔记本电脑才是有益的。

心得：

第二段的连续提问很有震撼力——为了能在考试中运用出丰富多彩的语言表达方式，平时多积累、多练习是很关键的。

第三段是写有了手提电脑后不一定会学习。下面分两句来写，先写原因，后写结果。由于不知道赚钱的艰辛，所以缺乏自制力的学生很可能沉迷于电脑游戏或网络聊天。

第四段写没有手提电脑也可以成为优等生。的确需要电脑时，可以去机房。个别确实需要常用电脑的学生，可以购买便宜得多的台式机。

最后一段非常精彩，说只有两个条件齐备，象手提电脑这样的学习用品才能发挥作用。这两个条件就是家庭承受得起和学生将之用于学习与工作的目的。

文章中有许多优秀的词组与句型，下面以第三段为例，希望大家用心识记。该段第一句中的guarantee表示“保证”，ly for study?related purposes表示“只用于学习相关的目的”，是个很地道的表达方式。第二句比较难以表达，如果这样写就不严谨：They have not earned money, so they do not know how hard it is to make a living.建议改作范文中的写法，或者：Most of them have not lived on their own, so they do not know how hard it is to earn money.

写作中的推敲琢磨很重要，我们一边学习、模仿别人的文章，磨砺、比较自己的写法，这样就一定能获得进步。第三句使用了once引导的时间状语从句，使得时间接续非常紧密，而后使用at hand表示“得到”，非常精妙，远胜于普通的写法：Once they have bought the computer, ...句中使用定语从句who lack self?control是严谨的写法，因为并不是所有的学生都会沉湎于坏习惯中。后面的be indulged in表示“沉湎于”，句子最后使用了非限制性定语从句，分两个方面说明危害。

Directions 13

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture,

2. point out the reasons for this phenomenon,and

3. suggest possible solutions.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

我们拿到题目后，首先要分析图画和提纲所构成的语境。对于全体考生来说，一个图画可能有不止一种含义，不同的写法都是可行的，都可能得高分，如2004年考研作文“温室里的花朵经不起风雨”就既可写孩子教育问题，也可以写入世后的部分中国企业的情况。但是对有些图画来说，有的理解就肯定是错误的，如2005年的考研，写成老年人加强体育锻炼的问题，就是不行的。对于大家来说，一定要加强审题的能力，平时多看多想，考试中就会水到渠成。

这篇文章分为三段。第一段是描述图画，第二段在引入主题后。

Sample:

In the above picture, a mother is seeing her son off at a railway station. It is most likely that the son is traveling by himself for the first time. We are most surprised to notice what the mother says: “My son, all of the people on the train are vicious, so be careful to protect yourself.”

Although this mother is radical to some extent, this picture reflects a worrying social problem—loss of social trust. Three reasons, in my belief, can account for the current phenomenon. First, when economy develops quickly and resources become more and more limited, social competition will become more and more fierce, and people will concentrate on the protection of personal interests. Second, the present education puts emphasis on knowledge and skills instead of morality and ethics. Last but not the least, sometimes the mass media play a negative role in focusing on the dark side of society, such as murder and robbery.

It is high time that we called on the efforts from all sides to solve this problem quickly and effectively. In the first place, teachers and parents should try their best to cultivate love, affection and unselfishness in the hearts of adolescents. In the second place, the government, with the help of the mass media, should play a dominant role in the making of a harmonious society. When every one of us participates in this campaign, the restoration of mutual trust will not be far away.

点评：

这篇文章首段先描述图画，第二段开头做了一个关键性的工作——确定本文章的主题。这个主题是由图画所决定的，也是根据提纲展开文章的基础。然后分三点来说明该问题的原因。第三段分两点来说明解决问题的办法。

心得：

文章没有第四段，这主要是由于第三段的最后一句带有结论性，是个非常成功的句子，亦可以写成：

When every one of us participates in this campaign, the dream of the restoration of mutual trust will be realized in the near future.

Directions 14

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture,

2. point out the reasons for this phenomenon,and

3. suggest possible solutions.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

我们看了图画与提纲之后，对于这种文章的结构已经非常熟悉了。文章分为四段来写，描述图画——说明原因——提出解决办法——下结论。

Sample:

In the above picture, a student has got 68 in an examination, but he asks the teacher to give him 80, for he wants to get the title of an excellent student. Looking at the picture, we can’t help thinking of the more and more serious phenomenon of students’ going to the teacher directly for higher grades.

Schools are places where students learn knowledge and acquire skills, but some students never devote themselves to such an arduous yet enjoyable process. When the examination season arrives, they are busy searching for various methods to get satisfactory grades. Some stay up late to memorize as much knowledge as possible. Some even cheat in examinations in order to win ideal marks. Others go directly to the teachers, begging them to let them pass. In extreme cases, some students tell the teachers directly that they need a certain mark for a certain purpose.

Such practices deprive national education of fairness and dignity. To prevent them from spreading, teachers should first of all take on their responsibilities. They should reject such students firmly and directly. If the students continue disturbing them with their unreasonable requests, the teachers should report to the school authorities. On this occasion, the school authorities should severely punish these students and those who help them in the efforts.

If young students are used to achieving personal goals through unjust methods, when can we stop worrying about their future?

点评：

文章的第一段，由于一句话就描述了图表，所以第二句话可以对这个现象进行小结。而最后一段是总结性的段落，这一段只有一句话，采用了条件状语从句加反问句的模式，给人留下了非常深刻的印象。此段话还将第一段第二句话的小结做了进一步提炼，总结是“以不正当的方法来达到个人目的”，相当准确。

原因段落和办法段落均没有采用最常见的分两点或三点来说的方法。第二段写原因，前两句描述一些学生不好好学习，一到考试的时候就找各种各样的方法来得到满意的分数。而后采用排比句分成几类学生来写。最后一句话是聚焦第三类学生，进一步来说明——在某些极端的情况下，有些学生直接告诉老师自己需要多少分，以达到某个目的。

第三段首句一针见血地点出了这种做法的危害。而后将重点落在教师身上，具体讲教师该怎么做。之后补充写了校方的正确做法。

心得：

首先对于图画的小结(总结出寓意或主题)可以放在第一段后面或第二段开头。

原因段落和办法段落均可以不采用传统的分类法，而采用层层递进的方法来写。

最后一段使用了由条件状语从句和疑问句构成的经典复合句做结，还要给人留下了深刻的印象。

Directions15

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture;

2. give your comment;

3. suggest possible solutions.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这篇文章的结构与我们前面所学的稍有不同，主要是第二个段落，这个段落不是要求写原因，而是要给出自己的评论。对于本文来说，就是对算命这一事件给出自己的看法。

Sample:

In the above picture, a student goes to a fortune teller to ask whether she will succeed or not in the coming College Entrance Examination. It is obvious that the drawer wishes all of us to ponder over this social phenomenon, which is becoming more and more common nowadays.

I myself see no point in going to a fortune teller. First, life is always full of accidents and coincidences, and how can the fortune teller know a person’s life route exactly? Second, if we knew our fortune and believed it, we would only wait for it to happen—when life is deprived of challenges and surprises, is it still worth living?

To eliminate fortune tellers we have to persuade people not to go to them any longer. To begin with, we should explain why fortune telling is unreliable, and why finding a forture teller is a waste of time and energy. What’s more important, we should help people understand that everyone is the architect of his own future—only through diligence and persistence can he realize his dreams.

The meaning of life lies largely in the process of struggle and endurance. We have to improve our education to help young people fight for their ideals so as to forget fortune telling.

点评：

该文共分为四段来写作。第一段分为两句，第一句对图画进行描述——可以用直接引语，也可以用间接引语，其中直接引语更为常见。而后一句是承上启下的过渡句。

第二段首句表达了对该现象否定的态度，而后分为两个方面来说，各有一句话。第一句话是个并列句，后半部分使用了反问句。第二句话很复杂，前面是条件状语从句，使用了虚拟语气描述了与现实相反的情形，而后创造性地使用了破折号表示递进，而后是时间状语从句加上反问句，效果非常强烈——当人生失去了挑战和惊奇，它还值得活吗?

第三段提出了消除这一现象的办法，分为两个方面。

最后一段下结论，分两句话。第一句话说明了一条永恒的真理——生命的意义很大程度上在于奋斗和忍耐的过程，第二句话引到本文主题上——只有我们提高教育帮助年轻人为自己的理想而奋斗才能使他们忘记算命。

心得：

我们发现在范文中句子的复杂程度较高，包含了较多的并列句和复合句，即使是简单句，有的也很复杂。下面以第三段为例来说明。该段第二句是个并列句，句中有两个由疑问词why引导的宾语从句。第三句前半部分的宾语从句中是一句颇具哲理的谚语，后面使用了破折号，之后是个only引导的倒装句。

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Directions 6

Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the two pictures,

2. interpret their meaning, and

3. point out the consequences for this phenomenon.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

在写作中，审题这个环节是非常重要的。在图画作文中，我们不仅要仔细审视图画，而且还应将英文的提纲看清楚。这篇文章配了双图，双图多是表示对比关系，这里是凸显时间的先后。提纲包括三个部分：描写图画、阐释含义和指出后果，这就决定了我们文章的结构走向。

Sample:

Two pictures above describe a story which we would never wish to encounter. In the first one, a large crowd gathered around a man lying on the ground. One person said, “He seems to be drunk.” Another whispered, “His head and hands seem to be bleeding.” In the second picture, a policeman is asking those who were present, “Why didn’t send him to hospital?” The first one said, “I was hurrying to work.” The second one said, “I was hurrying to school.”

It is quite obvious that the drawer wishes to draw our attention to this most unfavorable social phenomenon. Many people are used to finding all kinds of excuses to shirk their responsibilities of helping those who are in need of help. In their eyes, their own daily businesses are always more important than those of the strangers, even their lives.

This phenomenon will bring a series of harmful consequences. First, when people refuse to take care of the strangers, the danger of accidents will be much higher, because you have only a small group of people to rely on whenever emergency arises. Everyone may come across accidents from time to time, and mutual help will prevent most of them from being destructive. Second, the possibility of attaining a happy life will be much smaller. If everyone only takes his own interests into consideration in face of big events, the society will be full of selfish people. The social cost of achieving success will remain high before cooperation becomes a habit.

If any one of us wants to enjoy a happy and secure life, we have to be prepared to extend our helping hands to others including strangers, for helping others is equal to helping ourselves.

点评：

这篇文章最终写成了四段，结构非常清晰。第一段分别描写了两副图画，语言简洁流畅。注意这一段不宜过长。

第二段是测度作者的意图，共三句话，第一句是一个经典句型：It is quite obvious that the drawer wishes to draw our attention to... 这句话直指图画所揭示的社会现象，后面两句来具体说明：先说许多人千方百计找理由以逃避帮助他人;然后解释原因，他们认为……注意段中句子之间的逻辑关系，这是非常重要的。

第三段写了该现象引起的有害的后果，该段的首句是个经典的模板句，后分两点来说明。第一点说明当人们不愿意帮助他人时，事故所造成的危险就会大得多，因为那样的话每个人能依靠的人(即亲人和朋友)是非常有限的。这一点的第二句话是个难句，展现了很强的句子内部的逻辑，希望大家用心学习。这句话的意思是：每个人都会遇到事故，而相互帮助可以避免大部分的事故造成毁灭性的后果。到这里，我们可以看出，思想是由语言表达的，要想深刻地表达思想，一定要多模仿、多操练。第二点是从更广阔的角度去考虑问题，说明获得幸福生活的可能性减小了。社会充满了自私的人们，获得成功的社会成本陡增。

末段是结语——如果我们想要享受幸福的生活，我们应向他人(包括陌生人)伸出援手。

第二段的第二句中的shirk one?s responsibility表示“逃避责任”。第三段第二句的emergency表示“紧急情况”。第三句的destructive表示“造成重大损害的”。第五句的in face of表示“面临”。最后一句的cooperation becomes a habit表示“合作成为一种习惯”。

心得：

1.文章的结构层次一定要清楚，这是充分理解提纲与图画构成语境的结果。

2.学习写作主从复合句，充分理解句子内部的逻辑关系。通过本文，重点学习条件状语从句。

典型的条件状语从句：If everyone only takes his own interests into consideration in face of big events, the society will be full of selfish people.

嵌套原因状语从句的条件状语从句：If any one of us wants to enjoy a happy and secure life, we have to be prepared to extend our helping hands to others including strangers, for helping others is equal to helping ourselves.

Directions 7

Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the two pictures,

2. interpret their meaning, and

3. point out the consequences for this phenomenon.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

提纲包含了三个部分，这篇文章可以分为四段来写，其中末段是结语。真实写作中前三段可以与提纲有明显的对应关系，这样的安排思路清晰，易于把握。

Sample:

In the pictures, we see clearly a person who claims to begin his grand scheme tomorrow. In the first picture, he claims that he will begin tomorrow because he is not yet well prepared today. In the second picture, when tomorrow really comes, he again says he will begin later because he is not feeling well at the moment.

What can we say at seeing such pictures? We can always find excuses for our mistakes, failures and inaction, but how can we make real progress in our life? We will never ever grow up if we keep on finding excuses instead of looking directly into the matter, analyzing the situation objectively and taking action as soon as possible.

Delay has a lot of bad consequences. In many cases, we will lose the chance to succeed forever. Time is limited, and so are youth and enthusiasm. When we form a plan, we should always try our best to put it into practice immediately. We should not worry about failure, because we can always learn from it. Only if we keep on trying and never stop, will we make progress and eventually turn our dream into reality.

The important thing in life is to have a great aim and the determination to attain it. Without action, a great aim will be nothing more than a castle in the air.

点评：

第一段分别描述了两幅图画，独特之处在于首先将两副图画的共同之处提取出来——描写一个人说明天就要开始宏伟的计划，而后分别描述两副图画的不同之处——这样做的好处是使段落的条理清晰。

第二段的首句使用了设问句，一下子引起了读者的兴趣，而后自己给出答案——我们总是能为错误、失败和无行动找到理由，可是我们又怎能取得进步呢?这个句子中使用了平行的名词和反问句，效果强烈，非常引人注目。该段第三句进一步说明，使用instead of强化了对比关系——如果一直寻找借口而不是直接查清事实、客观分析情况和尽快采取行动的话，我们永远也无法成长。注意句中否定意义的表达：

We will not grow up if...

We will never grow up if...

We will never ever grow up if...

在上述三种表达方式中，我们可以看出，最后一种不仅语气强烈，而且极富韵律。

第三段先说了拖延的坏处，而后说了我们正确的做法。

最后一段做结，共两句话。第一句是引用了歌德的名言，而第二句是反过来说——如果没有行动，伟大的目标就只能是空中楼阁。

心得：

要想写好文章，就要先写好句子，再写好段落。文章大的结构的确定是不难的，关键是写好单个的句子后再将它们有机地组成完美流畅的段落。

第三段就是一个好的例子，这一段分成两个部分，各有三句话，有机地结合在了一起。第一句先是讲拖延有很多坏处，第二句直接解释第一句——在很多情况下，我们就永远失去了成功的机会。注意这句话的写法，首先，使用in many cases表示“在很多情况下”，显得客观，因为不是所有的情形均是如此。其次，使用forever表示“永远”，加强了语气，并且恰如其分地指出了人生的悲怆，点出了韶华易逝的真谛。第三句是对第二句的补充说明——时间是有限的，青春和激情也是如此(句子的后部使用了倒装)。第四句笔锋一转，说明我们一旦有了计划，应当全力以赴立即将其付诸实践，注意这里使用了immediately，是反过来与该段的第一句话进行呼应。第五句说明我们不该担心失败，因为我们总能从中学到东西。末句是以only开头的倒装句，说明行动和结果之间的关系，语气很强。

Directions 8

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture,

2. interpret their meaning, and

3. make your comment.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这篇文章的提纲与2002真题类似，属于最晦涩的一种，但是经过仔细分析后，我们将发现文章结构并不难把握，一种好的选择是——第一段描述图画，第二段对绘画者的意图进行推测，第三段对第二段做进一步说明，第四段下结论。

这里面至关重要的是第二段与第三段的关系。通常的情况是前一段就事论事或泛泛而论，后一段进行概括总结、提炼升华。

Sample:

This picture sets me thinking for a long time. The parents themselves are playing mahjong, but they are telling their little child loudly: “Work hard. Don’t let us down.”

The drawer reminds us of a common social phenomenon. Nowadays, more and more parents wish children to study hard in order to embrace a brilliant future, but many of them do not know how to turn this dream into reality. We come across many parents who ask their children to attend all kinds of training classes, but is it that important in the making of a good student and later a successful person?

What is really important, according to the drawer, should be something else. That is the environment created by the parents and felt by the child. How can a child grow up into a scientist who loves research when the noise of playing mahjong is always there? Actions always speak louder than words. If parents turn off TV and family cinema, stop all noisy games and get down to reading quietly, the positive impact on the child will be considerable. In the years to come, the child will gradually learn concentration, which is an essential part of the learning process.

Across the nation, parents are investing more and more money on the education of their child. If they have a closer look on the learning process, they will know what is important is often how they behave, not how much money they spend.

点评：

首段的描述非常简洁，与众不同的是第一句话——这两副画让我思忖良久。

第二段的首句是一个常用的模板句，非常有效。第二句话说许多家长望子成龙，却不知如何实现这个期望。而后举了一个例子，许多家长让孩子参加这样那样的培训班，但是这在孩子成材的过程中就那么重要吗?

第三段是文章的关键段落。该段首句是过渡句，引出了下面的关键句子——重要的是环境，是父母创造孩子感知的环境。而后使用反问句——当一直有麻将声时，一个孩子怎样能成长为热爱研究的科学家呢?而后使用谚语——行胜于言。如果父母关掉电视，开始读书，对孩子的正面影响将是巨大的。最后说在以后的数年中，孩子将会逐渐学会集中精力。

最后一段做结，分两句。第一句写父母大量投资在孩子的教育上面。第二句表示递进，如果父母仔细审视学习的过程，那么他们将知道，重要的是他们的行为，而不是投入的钱。

心得：

句子中的好的用法一定要日积月累，这很重要。第三段的首句中有插入语的用法。第二句有名词由两个平行的过去分词短语修饰的用法。第三句中的when the noise of playing mahjong is always there是个精彩用法，表示“一直有噪音”，如果说没有噪音，可以说when the noise is down。第四句是个谚语，需要平时积累，注意使用时务求准确。第五句在条件状语从句中，有平行的动宾结构。本段最后一句中in the years to come是个好词组，表示“在将要到来的数年中”，之后有非限制性定语从句的用法。

Directions 9

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture,

2. point out the reasons for this phenomenon, and

3. give possible solutions.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这篇文章的提纲是图画作文另一种非常典型的提纲，在描述图画后分别给出该现象(或问题)的原因及其解决办法。这里在提纲中虽没有出现interpret the meaning(阐释含义)的字样，实际上这个步骤是不可少的，但可以做得极为简洁。

Sample:

In this picture we are surprised to see a group of fat children who want to lose weight at a dieting center. We can’t help asking such a question: why are there so many over?weighted young children in present society?

In my belief, many reasons contribute to this undesirable result, but three of them play the dominant role. In the first place, with the development of national economy, people’s living level becomes higher and higher. Grandparents and parents devote all their love to the young children, who consequently often take in much more nutrition than necessary. In the second place, more and more young boys and girls are even addicted to foreign snacks, which contain too much fat and thus do great harm to the heart and the vessels. Last but by no means the least, pressure from teachers, parents and the whole society often leaves little time for small children to take part in physical exercises.

To solve this worrying problem, all of us should take immediate and effective measures. First, a balanced and healthy diet is often the most important factor in the making of a strong body. In this aspect, teachers and parents should do their jobs. Second, exercises should become part of their daily life—once children get used to sports, they will find it not only beneficial but also interesting.

All of us have realized the children are the future of our nation, and we should also realize that healthy minds always dwell in healthy bodies. To fulfill this goal, all of us should work hard.

点评：

该文章仍然是四个段落。第一段非常引人注目，只用了一句话便完成了对图画的描写，还加入了表达作者心情的部分(be surprised to see)。段落中的第二句话非常关键，是将图画总结为一个大家都该来关注的社会问题——儿童的肥胖问题。第二句话的作用相当于对画图人意图的测度，只不过由于提纲的要求，这里没有单独成段，而是放到了第一段。

第二段与第三段严格按照提纲来写，分别写原因和解决办法，段落的首句都是非常精彩的模板句。第二段首句的写法请大家用心揣摩——既显得全面(句子的前半部分)，又不失重点(句子的后半部分)。该段之后分为三点来写，第一点两句话由浅入深，脉络清晰。先写随着国民经济的发展，人民生活水平提高了——这句话是常常用到的经典句子，大家应熟练掌握。然后写祖父母和父母将爱都倾注在孩子们身上，导致孩子们常常营养过剩。该句中大家应首先掌握非限制性定语从句的写法，该从句的拓展性非常好，能避免连写句(run?on sentence)这样的常见错误。之后大家应学习词组...和more than necessary的用法。第二点讲越来越多的孩子沉溺于洋快餐。注意句中be addicted to和非限制性定语从句的用法。句中有一个难词thus(副词)，这里表示结果。第三点讲述了孩子缺乏锻炼的原因——该句使用了特殊的句型结构，有助于我们拓展思路，注意学习leave little/no time for someone to do something的结构。

第三段分两点来说解决问题的办法。第一点说平衡健康的饮食是至关重要的，这句话中的making是个闪光点，表示“造就……的过程”。后面一句中的do one?s jobs等于take on one?s responsibility。第二点中使用了破折号，后面是时间状语从句，注意get used to(习惯于)和not also...的用法。句子中出现了part的用法，注意这里不能加冠词，否则不仅不能加分，还要扣分。再举一例，大家细细体会：

Learn the phrase by heart until it becomes part of you.

这是表达效果很强的用法，文中的句子表示体育锻炼应成为他们日常生活的一部分，意思是成为了一种习惯。上面这句话表示将该词组熟记以至于永远熟练掌握。

最后一段使用了强势的推导方式，先找到对方(读者)认同的基本观点(孩子是国家的未来)，而后推导出文中的重要观点(健康的心灵存在于健康的体魄)。第二句将目的状语放在句首，我们要做的工作放在后面，非常简洁。

心得：

对提纲的把握非常关键，我们应该做到看到提纲后立即对文章全文的构造有个全面的想法。

末段呼应前文的方式多种多样，不一定是严格地将文章中所述的思想再简单地重复一遍。

对于文章中的词组和句型，好的学习方法是将它们摘录下来，反复地进行多感官操练(眼、耳、口、手、心并用)，这样我们的学习效率就能大大提高了。

Directions 10

Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the pictures,

2. point out the reasons for this phenomenon, and

3. give possible solutions.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这篇文章的结构很清晰，可分为三段来写，分别是描述图画、说明原因和给出解决办法。

Sample:

In the first picture, a beggar says, “Have pity on me,please. I am old. I am blind.” In the second picture, he is eating to his heart’s content in a big restaurant. He tells the waiter, “Another fish, please.” We can say he is in fact a man with bright eyes.

These two pictures remind us of such a group of people who don’t want to work to earn a living. Instead, they disguise themselves as beggars to make easy money. The reason for this phenomenon is rather obvious. In such a society full of competitions, some people do not want to use their own hands to make a fortune. They also can not bear a poor life, so they make such a shameful choice.

To solve this problem, the government and the common people should join their hands. On the one hand, the government should issue policies to take care of those people who are really in need of help. Those fake beggars should be educated and punished in order that they give up begging and live a decent life. On the other hand, common citizens should also extend helping hands. They should report such made?up beggars to the police as soon as possible. If they can help such people learn skills, find jobs and live a normal life, it should be much better.

点评：

首段描述了两幅图画。

次段的前两句对图画所描述的群体做了总结——第一句话同时使用了...和who引导的定语从句，是个很好的模板句。第二句话以instead开头，凸显了对比。此句中有disguise oneself as(伪装为)和make easy money(轻松赚钱)两个词组，大家注意识记。之后对该现象做出了解释。

第三段给出了解决办法，从政府和公民两方面来说(段首的模板句清晰地表明了这一点)，非常有条理。

心得：

首段的描述中要将两幅图画的对比描述出来。次段的图画总结和原因阐述采用了几乎相同的推导方式(不想工作——伪装骗钱;不想用辛勤劳动致富——做出了可耻的选择)，看来有呼应之感觉。末段结构的层次感是由模板句奠定下来的，读来轻松流畅。

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Directions1

Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the two pictures,

2. interpret their meaning, and

3. point out the reasons for such phenomenon.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

这道题包含两幅对比鲜明的图画，指令要求在描述图画后阐明含义并给出该现象的原因。我们应该这样来构造全文：第一段描述图画;第二段发表自己对图画的看法;第三段给出该现象的原因;第四段下结论，简要提出解决问题的办法。经过学习之后，大家就会知道这是一个极为重要的模式，请大家用心掌握。

Sample:

As is depicted by the two pictures, a sharp contrast is shaped between the parents and the son. In the left drawing, the parents are working hard in the field, bending over and sweating heavily. Near them is a basket with very simple food in it. However, in the right drawing, their son is squandering the money on luxurious food and chatting on mobile phone.

How pitiful the parents are! They spare no efforts to earn money in order to support their son’s study and life in university. They seem to be willing to do everything that is helpful to their beloved son. But, in return, the son spends the money as he likes without knowing how hard his parents work for it and how he should use it to better prepare himself for future career.

In my opinion, the reasons for this phenomenon come down to one essential point—failure of both family and school education. For one thing, quite a lot of Chinese parents spoil their children. All parents’ love for children is the same, but different is the way of showing it. Many parents hope too much that their children will have a bright future, which, in their eyes, means key universities, hot majors, good salaries and so on. So they try their best to satisfy the children’s demands instead of teaching them to struggle for future with their own hands. For another, centered on exam marks, the school education also fails, to a large extent, to impart moral standards to the children, especially the conception of self?reliance and hard struggle.

In a word, to change the phenomenon described by the above pictures, a reform in our current education system is not only necessary but urgent.

点评：

第一段的重点是在描述时突出两幅图画之间强烈的反差，所以这里专门加上了第一句话。这一段在用词上也很考究。第二段强烈地表达了自己的感想。首句使用了感叹句。而后先说父母竭尽全力挣钱供孩子读书，后说孩子不知父母辛苦，不懂得如何正确利用父母的血汗钱。第三段给出了该现象的原因——家庭和学校教育的失败，而后分为两方面来说，结构极为清晰。最后一段只有一句话，掷地有声——要想改变现状，只能改革当前的教育体系。

心得：

全文一气呵成，读来倍感畅快。从描述图画，到发表评论，到给出原因，再到解决办法，可谓浑然一体。既有全局的考虑，又有细微处语言的运用，该文值得大家细细品味。

Directions 2

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the picture, and

2. point out the reasons why more and more foreigners like to live in China.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

《西湖晨景》该题目非常简洁，在提纲中已给出文章的主题，即越来越多的外国人喜爱在中国生活——在描述图画后，给出原因即可。

Sample:

What an attractive scene it is! On such a peaceful and beautiful morning by West Lake, a middle?aged foreigner is jogging—he is enjoying the fresh air, cool breeze and charming scenery. From this picture, we can see clearly that the foreigner enjoys life in this Chinese city, Hangzhou.

As a matter of fact, in the past few years, more and more foreigners have chosen to live in China. Some work here, some pursue their study in universities and even some join volunteer activities in China. The reasons why more and more foreigners like to live in China can be listed as follows. To begin with, since China’s reform and opening?up in 1978, our country has witnessed great progress in nearly all aspects of the society, especially in economy, which provides a far better environment of working, investing and studying for foreigners. Second, economic globalization has made cultural blending possible and necessary. Foreigners have come to know more and more about Chinese culture and become influenced by it, which has formed the important basis of their living in China. Last but not the least, it is obvious that with every effort we have made in environmental protection, our country has become a place more and more suitable and pleasant to live in.

In my opinion, the arrival of foreigners brings more chances and opportunities of economic development. So why not seize such chances to embrace our bright future?

点评：

第一段描述图画。这一段写得非常精彩，先以感叹句开头，而后描述图画，最后小结——这位外国人喜爱在杭州的生活。

第二段前两句总结了外国人来我国的现象。第三句是原因类的模板句，而后分三点来说：第一点是说改革开放后我国经济发展迅速，给外国人提供了很好的工作、投资和学习环境;第二点是说经济全球化促进文化融合——外国人对中国文化了解更多，这构成了他们在中国生活的重要基础;第三点是说环境保护效果显著，居住条件自然改善了。

最后一段说外国人的到来带到了更多的经济发展的机会，所以为什么不抓住这些机会来拥抱我们美好的明天呢?

心得：

要写出好文章，首先要对文章的基本结构非常熟悉，而后再做出一些变化，这些变化通常就是亮点。比如第一段先使用了一个感叹句，立即吸引了读者的注意力。第三段第二句使用了反问句，效果非常强烈。

Directions 3

Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the drawing,

2. analyze the reasons why it is difficult for university graduates to find a job, and

3. point out the possible ways to solve the problem.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

审题：

《招员工七名》 这篇文章关注的是当前重要的就业难问题。它的要求非常明确，在描述图画后，先给出原因，再给出解决办法，这是非常常见的文章模式。

Sample:

The recruiting fair in the above drawing is filled with young graduates each holding a pile of resumes in their hands. Around a desk in the front of the drawing, there are dozens of students waiting to hand in their resumes but only seven are wanted by the company as is written on a board beside the desk.

It is clear that the drawer wants to draw our attention to the difficulty that today’s university graduates are faced with in finding a job. In fact, in many universities and colleges, the employment rate of graduates is lower than 50% and much fewer can find a satisfactory job. The reasons for this situation can be listed as follows. In the first place, the enrolment expansion of universities and colleges has resulted in a great increase in the number of graduates every year, which has exceeded the increase in positions in the job market. What makes things worse is that quite a lot of students like to choose those hot majors when they enter the university and to look for jobs in big developed cities when they graduate. So it is even more difficult for them to find a suitable job.

From my point of view, the society and the graduates need to join their hands in the endeavor to solve this problem. On the one hand, the society should continue to focus on economic development so as to provide bigger employment chances for the graduates. On the other hand, the students should choose the majors that they are really interested in and well capable of and broaden their horizon when looking for jobs. Only in this way can they gain larger space for their future career.

点评：

该文分为三段，第一段描述图画，第二段对此问题进行了小结，而后给出了原因。第三段提出了解决问题的办法。

第一段共用两句话，第一句是远景，第二句由远及近，展示了求职者之多与实际招聘人数之少。第二段共分六句话，前两句总结了大学毕业生就业难这一情况，第三句话是原因类的模板句。第四句话说扩招带来的影响。第五句话和第六句话说大学生选择热门的专业，使就业难的矛盾更加突出。第三段共分四句话，第一句话是总括句，说社会和毕业生应携起手来解决问题，而后分两句话分别说明。最后一句话是总结，使用了语气强烈的倒装句。

心得：

这是常考的模式，望大家用心学习。

Directions 4

Study the following table carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. describe the table,

2. suggest possible solutions to the problem of the heavy burden of university tuition in China.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

国家 大学年平均学费 国民人均年收入 比值

美国 4，700美元 35，000美元 1/8

英国 1，500英镑 15，000英镑 1/10

中国 7，500元 7，500元 1

审题：

在审题的环节中，我们应当将读图表(图画)和看提纲有机地结合起来。有的时候，提纲中会把文章的主题直接给出来，这时我们文章的整体布局就会容易得多。在这道题的提纲中，就出现了“中国大学学费负担沉重的问题”的字样，这就是该文的主题，我们的文章应该围绕它展开。

Sample:

From the above table we can see that in America and Britain the ratio of average annual tuition of universities to gross national income per capita is about 1 to 10, but astonishingly that in China is 1. That is to say, the burden of university tuition on Chinese families is nearly ten times heavier than that on American or British families. As a matter of fact, most Chinese families feel it difficult to afford the high tuition of their children, and some absolutely cannot afford it, which has received more and more concern from all over the country.

In order to solve this problem, I strongly suggest the following solutions. First and foremost, it is a must to reduce the cost of higher education. We need to cut down the staff in universities, most of whom now have a disproportionately large number of administrators. The now widespread corruption should also be eliminated in universities, such as unnecessary tours and banquets at public expense. Moreover, much importance should be attached to the reform of management system of higher education. The national government should not only increase financial investment in higher education but also optimize the distribution of such money.

To sum up, it is high time to pay enough attention to the problem of the heavy burden of university tuition in our country, and to solve it a comprehensive educational reform is essential.

点评：

该文共分三段，第一段是描述表格，第二段是给出解决办法，第三段是总结。

第一段是对表格进行描述——这时我们不一定要把每个数据都描述出来，而是要抓住问题的关键。这个表格的关键就是体现我国大学学费太高，依据就是学费与国民人均年收入之比。美国与英国处于差不多的水平，所以放在一起说就可以了。该段共分三句话，第一句将比例描述出来，第二句作出比较——中国家庭负担的大学学费是英美国家的十倍之多。第三句进一步说明我国大部分家庭感觉负担较重，有些家庭根本就负担不起。

第二段提出解决办法，第一句是模板句，之后分两方面来说。第一方面说的是减少高等教育的成本，分为两个方面，一是减员增效，二是消除腐败。第二方面说的是高教管理体制的改革。国家应加强高等教育的投资，并合理配置这些资金。

最后一段是总结，说解决大学学费成为沉重负担问题正值其时，全面改革势在必行。

心得：

提纲中如果出现文章主题，一定要把握住，这直接决定了文章的谋篇布局。

描述图表时不一定要面面俱到，只要抓住重点即可。

写原因或解决办法的段落时条理一定要清楚，一般分为三点(也有两点或四点的情况)，不一定是权威的解释，我们并非是专门研究该问题的专家，阅卷老师也不会太苛求，只要符合情理即可。关键是语言表达一定要准确，如果要拿高分就一定要有出彩的地方。

Directions 5

Study the following reportage carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1. interpret the reportage,

2. point out the reasons for the problem, and

3. suggest possible ways to solve the problem.

You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

题目：

本报记者报道自20世纪70年代末以来，中国的离婚率持续上升。离婚水平已超过邻国日本和韩国，与新加坡同属亚洲离婚率较高的国家。这是近日中国社会科学院人口学专家唐灿发布的调研报告中指出的。这份报告还写到，据2003年北京市统计年鉴公布的数据，2002年北京市的离婚总数为38756对，当年户籍人口为1136.3万，粗离婚率达到6.82‰;当年的结婚对数为76136对，由此计算离结率高达50.90%。也就是说，这一年平均不到两对夫妻结婚就有一对夫妻离婚，北京市的离婚率已经成为全国最高。

审题：

这是一道相当特殊的题目，是就一段汉语的新闻报道命题，提纲却是传统的模式。这类形式题目出现的比率不大，我们在本书中穿插了个别这样的题目主要是为了拓展大家的视野，而且这类题目所涉及的主题也是非常重要的，很有可能以图画题或图表题等主流形式考察到。

Sample:

According to the above news report, the divorce rate in China keeps increasing since 1970’s, and now is higher than that in Japan and Korea. It was also reported that the ratio of divorced couples to married couples reached 1 to 2 in 2002 in Beijing.

From my point of view, the problem of high divorce rate in our country can be analyzed from three perspectives. To begin with, owing to economic development and women’s liberation, the traditional family mode has changed greatly. Now in most cases the two parties of a marriage are psychologically and economically independent. Second, because of the higher living standard and one?child policy, many young people have shaped a self?centered personality, which is liable to result in lack of mutual care and understanding. Third, when all the social members become more and more open?minded, people are less restricted to the traditional conception of marriage. Third parties, extramarital love and online marriage all pose great threats to the legal marriage.

As we all know, healthy marriages are beneficial not only to the couples themselves, but also to the growth of the children and to the stability of the whole society. Therefore, it is worthwhile to make efforts to reduce the divorce rate. Before they get married, young couples should be emotionally and psychologically well prepared for all possible conditions and changes in marriage. Furthermore, school and family education should help enhance the sense of responsibility, which is not only the key to a healthy marriage but also to a successful career.

点评：

文章共分三段。第一段是将新闻报道中最重要的信息提炼出来，这是看大家的基本功是否扎实。第二段给出了该现象的原因。第三段是解决问题的办法。

第一段共有两句话，第一句话说国内的离婚率一路攀升，已超过了日本和韩国。第二句话说北京的离结率已高达1∶2。

第二段是写原因的段落，共分三个方面来写。第一点写传统家庭模式的巨大变化。第二点写年轻人以自我为中心的人格的形成，容易导致相互关爱与理解的缺失。第三点说人们的传统婚姻家庭观念的松动。

第三段写解决办法。先说健康的婚姻对夫妻、孩子和社会均有益，推导至减少离婚率是很有意义的事。首先说年轻人应在结婚时做好准备，以应对婚姻中的各种情形及变化。另外，学校和家庭教育应着重加强他们的责任感，这对婚姻和事业都是大有益处的。 该文是特殊的出题方式，如果我们考试中遇到特殊的形式，也不必慌乱，一定要看清楚具体的要求，这样就可以有的放矢了。看到熟悉的方式甚至题目，也不要过于欣喜，一定要把优势转化成胜势。

心得：

该文有许多好的语言点值得学习。

首段的news report相当于提纲中的reportage，意思是“新闻报道”。

次段首句的perspective意思是“角度”。第四句的one?child policy表示“计划生育的一孩政策”，self?centered personality表示“以自我为中心的个性”，mutual care and understanding表示“相互关爱和理解”。第五句中的open?minded表示“思想开明的”。第六句中的pose great threats to表示“对……构成重大威胁”。

第三段中的enhance the sense of responsibility表示“加强责任感”。

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第二章

大作文写作各类型大作文写作技巧

一、 命题作文

命题作文又叫提纲式作文，是1996年考研及以前使用的模式，现在再考的可能性已非常小了，但是它是各种写作的基础。这类作文主要可分为观点类与办法类。

1.观点类

写作包括三个重要的方面：内容、结构与语言。相对说来，考研英语写作对内容要求并不是很高——只要围绕主题阐述，不跑题，对问题谈得是否深与透，并不是特别关注，而提纲式作文就更是如此。语言体现在词、句、段、篇各个方面，重在积累。我们要帮助大家快速提高的是结构方面。

概括说来，观点类分为三种情形：第一种是议论，即对现存观点(通常是两种)做一选择;另一种是立论，即直接提出一种观点，然后来论证它;第三种是驳论，即对现有观点进行批驳，这种文章出现的几率不大。

第一种文章所占的比例最高，现存的观点一般说来是两种对立的观点，通常我们会斩钉截铁地选择其中的一种观点，有些时候也可以将两者巧妙地结合起来。

这种文章通常有三种构成方法，最常见的情况是在第一段叙述第一种人的观点，第二段叙述第二种人的观点，第三段做出自己的选择并下结论。

还有两种情况很类似，都是在第一段简要叙述两种人的观点，在第二段将两种人的观点展开，再在第三段给出自己的观点;也可以直接在第二段就给出自己的观点并加以论证。这两种情况的区别在于现有的两种观点与自己的观点所占的篇幅长短不同。

这里我们对几个重要的问题再说明一下。首先是主题句的问题，如在叙述两种人观点时，通常在段落中应该有这样的句子，例如：

* Different people have different views on opportunity.

* People?s opinions are always different once they talk about family tutoring.

其次是段落间衔接的问题，也就是要有过渡句。大家细细地研究一下范文，就能发现大多数时候过渡句是在后一段的段首，但也有在前一段段末的情况。比如说，如果第一段原来只有一句话，那么原本多放在第二段段首的句子可能被提至第一段的第二句话。

至于论据到底应分几点来说，一般分三点。但也有变化的时候，比如是先说两点，然后举个例子——这样也很有可能取得很好的效果。但是要注意，举例子一定要注意两点，即典型、精练。

观点类的第二种情况是立论，在很多时候是对事物本质的论述。此事物可以是一项制度、一种现象甚至是一种观点。通常分三段写作，首段先对这一现象或观点作一介绍，第二段表明自己的观点，第三段下结论。这里最重要的问题之一就是第一段和第三段的写法，这两段极有可能都是两句话：第一句是段落的主题句，第二句表示递进、解释或者例证，当然绝大多数情况下是递进——可以是时间上的自然接续，也可以是逻辑上的顺接关系，在实际写作中后一种情况占多数。

观点类的第三种情况是驳论，比较少见。这类文章大多分为三段，第一段说明一种现象、一种做法或者一种观点，第二段进行批驳，第三段下结论。这里有两个重要问题，一是批驳句出现的位置，二是批驳句的性质问题。批驳句绝大多数情况下出现在第二段的首句，但也有出现在第一段末句的情形。批驳句有第一人称作主语的主观批驳，如I cannot agree with the above opinion;还有非人称主语句，即客观批驳，如It is not the real case。

2.办法类

办法类文章的题目通常是以“How to”开头的，这一类的文章数量相当多。办法类文章分为三类：第一类是社会生活中的重大问题;第二类是令人担忧的社会问题;第三类是与大学生活紧密相连的问题。这类文章通常都有“提出问题——列举具体的解决办法——总结”的写法。

办法类文章可以写得极其工整，即第一、二、三段均分三个方面来说，达到相互呼应的情形，比如说第一类和第二类可分政府、科研工作者与大众来说。当然有的时候文章也可以只说两种人——即政府和大众，文章就更清晰了，但此时要避免单调或篇幅太短。第三类可以从学校、老师与学生三个方面来说。

办法类文章的变化极多，首先末段的写法极其灵活：可以是一句话戛然而止，但这种情况并不建议大家多用;个别情况下还可以没有作为结论段的第三段，这时的结束句必然只有一句话，放在第二段末尾。这个句子一定是一个长且复杂有力量的句子，并与上述若干点结合紧密。

末段大多数时候包含两个句子，规律性很强。首句多说问题严重或重要，后句则总结必须采用上述的方法才能达到目的——这个句子可以是个倒装句、否定句、双重否定句甚至反问句。总之，这时我们是想通过调整句子结构来达到加强语气的目的。

在办法类中还可能出现个性化段落或混合模板这些复杂的情形。个性化段落就是提纲中要求在先说了多种办法(通常是三种)后再说到个人(即我)的写法。这里一个值得关注的问题就是，我们在说到自己时是选择上述办法之一，还是将两种办法融合。比较可行的做法是选择其中的一种办法。其后的问题就是，在说明理由时，这段是否会与前面重复呢?实际上这里只要注意将自己的独特之处写出来就行了。

混合类模板既包括办法类模块又包括原因或后果模块，我们一定要看清提纲，严格按照它来写。在学习过程中，我们应先熟悉单一模板的写法，再在融合时多思考，多练习，这样就一定能提高了。

二、 图表作文

图表作文在考研中总共只出现过两次，分别是1997年与1999年，它是一种介于命题作文和图画作文之间的写作形式，再考的可能性不大，但是却对图画式作文的学习非常有益。

图表作文至少包含描述图表与解释原因两个部分，而当前的图表作文大多还有第三个段落。图表作文的规律性很强，不像图画式作文那样富于变化。

1.首段的写作

图表作文有表格(table)、柱形图(bar chart)、饼状图(pie chart)和折线图(diagram)之分，后三种都是属于图表的范畴(chart)。不管是chart还是table，都需要进行描述，一般放在文章的第一部分，长度宜适中。描述数据我们要首先看看是几个变量(A)，每个变量有几个数据(B)，不妨以A*B表示。

如果只有一个变量，有三个数据，可以描述如下：

From the chart we can see clearly that the average number of hours a student spends on Internet per week has increased from less than two hours in 1998 to nearly four hours in 2000, and then to 20 hours in 2004.

如果是最常见的是2*3的情形，可以描述如下：

From the chart, we can see clearly that in a big city in China, state?owned houses declined from 75% in 1990 to 60% in 1995 and then to 20% in 2000, while private houses rose from 25% to 40% and then to 80% during the same period.

这里用了while引起从句来突显对比，是一种非常好的办法，如果用两句话来描述，也完全可以。

如果是1*n(n>3)的情形，将头与尾描述出来即可，比较好的方法就是在句中描述最后一个与第一个相比变化了多少。

碰到多变量、每个变量多数据的情形，大家应首先进行分类，分成上升、下降两类，或者上升、下降、不变三类，这样问题就迎刃而解了。

2. 第二段的写作

第二段是解释原因的段落。我们谈谈两个问题。

首先是过渡句这个问题。这里不大可能放在第一段，因为第一段不可能象有的命题作文那样简洁(如只有一句)——例如提纲式作文中的批驳类文章中除二段首句批驳之外还有首段末句批驳，效果很强烈。

其次就是此段的主题句(topic sentence)的问题。此句或主观或客观并无拘束，只要上下文风格统一即可。

主观：We believe that three reasons can account for this phenomenon.

I believe that three reasons can account for this phenomenon.

In my mind, the reasons why the overseas students are on the rise are as follows.

主观之变体(使用插入语，突显主语)：Three reasons, we believe, can account for this phenomenon.

Three reasons, I believe, can account for this phenomenon.

Three reasons, I firmly believe, can account for this phenomenon.

注意:插入语的使用属于看似平淡却极富功力的技巧，可以达到很好的效果。

主观之变体(使用插入语)：Three reasons, in my mind, can account for this phenomenon.

客观：Several reasons can account for this phenomenon.

在主题句之后，可以使用连接词分两个、三个或四个方面来写，其中分三个方面来写最为常见。这里就与普通的说明文与议论文一样了——可以由最重要的到最不重要的，也可以由最不重要的到最重要的，也可能平行分布，依具体情况而定，不一而足。

3. 第三段的写作

第三段直接写结论的情况已基本没有了。如果这篇文章讲的是一个令人担忧的问题，那么这一段写解决办法的可能性最大。

如果这篇文章讲的是一个好的变化，那么这一段很可能是两种情况——可能写负面的影响或存在的问题，或者写未来趋势或发展方向。

咱们看看很象利弊类的情况，如一篇文章的第三段：

上述情况均是依提纲而定，提纲中如果没有第三点，那么一般说来，若是问题则写办法，若是好事则写展望，根据具体情况而定。

三、 图画作文

图画作文在最近八年中考了七次，可谓占据了大作文的统治地位。图画作文可分为图片、漫画与照片等多种。图画作文总体上比图表作文的结构变化更多，更为灵活，因此难度也更大。

1.描述图画

图画作文对图画的描述应在第一段进行，且最好在首句即开始。此类作文大部分是一幅图，也会有两幅图出现的情况。如果出现两幅图，则很有可能是突显对比的情况。

图画上可能没有任何文字，也可能在上面出现了一句话，也可以单个人物说话或两个人物对话，也可能在图画外写了总结性的一句话。大家注意，这一句话或两句话一般是非常重要的，应予译出。

一般说来，对图画的描写不必过长，应以简练、准确为标准。

2.图画类作文结构分析

从七年的图画作文提纲来看，可以看出，出题越来越合理，越来越符合规律，我们来看一下。

年份〖〗提纲〖〗分析

1998〖〗1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.

2. Give your comments.〖〗首段描述图画。

第二段和第三段分别写原因和危害。

2000〖〗1. Describe the pictures.

2. Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures.

3. Suggest your counter?measures.〖〗首段描述图画。

第二段推测绘画者意图。

第三段提出解决办法。

2001〖〗1. Show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,

2. Give a specific example, and

3. Give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.〖〗首段描述图画、指出图画的象征意义。

第二段举例说明主题。

第三段指出献爱心的最好办法，深化主题。

2002〖〗1. Describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and

2. Give your comment on the phenomenon.〖〗第一段描述图画。

第二段解释含义。

第三段对此现象做出评论。

2003〖〗1. Describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and

2. Point out its implications in our life.〖〗第一段描述图画。

第二段类比于生活中孩子的教育问题，并分析此现象出现的原因。

第三段做结。

2004〖〗1) Describe the drawing

2) Interpret its meaning, and

3) Support your view with examples.〖〗第一段是描述图画。

第二段是类比于人类一条永恒的真理。

第三段是举例说明。

2005〖〗1) Describe the drawing,

2) Interpret its meaning, and

3) Give your comment on it.〖〗第一段是描述图画。

第二段是类比于孩子不孝敬老人的现象。

第三段发表评论。

我们想象中的最典型最理想的图画题提纲应该是下面这样：

1. 描述图画

2. 推导绘画者的意图

3. 做出评论

对于这一提纲我们来做具体分析，其中第三点更要细致研究。首先由图画引出一种社会现象或社会问题，可以是好的，也可以是不好的。在推导绘画者的意图时多是展开说此现象或问题的表现，以证明其引人注目。还有一种可能性是说此现象或问题产生的原因，提纲可直接列出，或还用上述提纲。这时可把简单意图推导直接放到第一段描述图画之后，而在第二段中说原因。

第三段做出评论，有可能只是简单评论、深化主题就结束，但这种可能性越来越小了。这一部分很可能说的是办法，不好的事情就是如何解决的办法，好的事情就是如何进一步发展的方法。

通过上述列表，我们可以看出，多年以来，真实的提纲是怎样一步步地向我们想象中的理想模式靠近的。对于提纲里面出现的变化和规律，我们来分析一下。

我们仔细分析，会发现历年考研真题基本上都呈现“现象或问题——原因解释——解决办法”这样的模式，但变化非常多。因为我们谈论的既可以是一件值得弘扬的好事，也可能是一个令人忧心忡忡的社会问题;针对后者我们极有可能需要提出做法;而对于前者，可能解释一下就结束了，也可能要写出相应的做法。

综上所述，可以看出，比起图表作文来，图画作文要更灵活，更富于变化。我们一定要多练习，以达到一看到图画(含图中和图边文字)和提纲(有时有文章标题)就能有效地审题解题，构造出合理的具体段落的目的。

这里面还有个问题，就是举例子，近年来已明确出现了两次，这一点大家一定要多练习

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申请信1

结构要点:

申请信是向收信人提出某个请求的信件，包含三个部分：

1. 提出请求;

2. 说明原因;

3. 请求回复并表示感谢。

Directions 21

Write a letter to apply for a membership in an organization in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Mr. Peterson,

I am writing to apply for a membership in your musical band. My music teacher, Prof. Huntington, strongly recommended that I attend such a renowned organization, telling me that it would benefit me in many years to come.

I have been loving music ever since I was in elementary school. I learned piano at eight and flute at twelve. I hope I can grow up into a good saxophone player in your team—with so many music lovers around me, I will surely become more creative and enthusiastic.

If my application could be taken into favorable consideration, I would be most grateful. I am looking forward to your early reply.

Best regards.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

申请信2

语言注意点:

申请信开篇应点明主题，语言简练。接着说明做此申请的原因，即自己所具备的申请条件，这一部分需重点明确，论述充分。最后请求回复并表示感谢时，应采用礼貌、诚恳的措辞。

Directions 22

Write a letter to apply for a membership in a program in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Sir,

I have heard that the university will choose 30 students to teach in rural junior high schools for one month. I am very much interested in this program and want to be one of them.

I am a sophomore majoring in English language and literature and I have been a private tutor ever since I finished my College Entrance Examination. I love teaching—whenever I teach, I feel I am making progress together with my students all the time.

Enclosed are my score reports on all relative subjects. I hope that my application will get your favorable consideration.

With best regards.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

便 笺 1

结构要点:

便笺也叫做便条，是一种简便的信函，形式简单，可用于询问、道歉、请假、约会、留言、归还东西等很多事由。

Directions 23

Suppose you and two of your friends have decided to go on a self?tour to Hangzhou and you want to invite another friend Cathy to join you. Write a note in about 100 words to her. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Cathy,

We have planned a self?tour to Hangzhou next Saturday. I wonder if you would like to join us, Sherry, Alice and me.

You know, spring is the season when the scenery around West Lake is the most beautiful and it is very convenient for us to go there for it takes only two hour’s and a half by train or by coach. We are going by the 8∶20 train of Saturday morning and returning on Sunday evening. If you agree to go with us, we plan to book two rooms in the Youth Hostel which cost only 50 yuan a night and from which it’s only 20 minutes’ walk to West Lake.

I’m sure we will have a very good time and find the tour rewarding.

Yours,

Li Ming

便 笺 2

语言注意点:

便笺语言较简单和口语化，但应注意，说明事由时要简洁、清楚，不需过多的套话。

Directions 24

Suppose your mother has come to see you and tonight you will sleep in the room she has booked in a hotel near your university. Write a note in about 100 words to inform your roommate Linda of that. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Linda,

I am afraid that I won’t be in our dormitory tonight because my mother has come here to see me and I plan to sleep in the room she has booked in a nearby hotel. I had wanted to tell you that in person but you are not back yet. So I have to leave this note for you.

My mother has brought me several bags of beef jerky that are a special product of my hometown. I’ve left two of them on your desk. Help yourself and I hope you’ll enjoy them.

Besides I have asked our teacher for a day’s leave. So I won’t be present in tomorrow’s class. Would you do me a favor by handing in my history assignment to the teacher? It is on your desk beneath the beef jerky. Thanks.

Take care of yourself.

Yours,

Li Ming

通 知 1

结构要点:

通知的目的是传递信息或分配工作，包含内容、时间和地点。如果是活动，应包含参加的人员范围;如果是讲座或报告，应包含演讲人的简介。

Directions 25

Write a notice in about 100 words to inform the students and English teachers of a lecture on Australian studies.

Sample:

NOTICE

We are very honored to invite Prof. Richard Gilbert from Sydney University to give us a lecture on Sino?Australian relationship in the new millennium. Prof. Gilbert graduated from Australian National University in 1979 and has been teaching Australian studies for more than 20 years. He has become a leading expert in this field and has published several books and numerous papers on such topics as Australian economy, education and foreign policy. His humorous and thought?provoking speech will surely benefit all the audience.

The lecture will be given at Yifu Auditorium from 7 to 9 o’clock next Thursday evening. All the teachers and students are welcome to attend this lecture.

English Department

August 27, 2005

通 知 2

语言注意点:

通知必须用简练、准确的语言传递信息。如果包含对演讲人、主要参与人或组织者等的介绍，则语言应大方得体，重点突出，切忌长篇大论。

Directions 26

Write a notice in about 100 words for the Student Union to inform of a speech contest.

Sample:

NOTICE

The Student Union has decided to hold a Chinese speech contest to celebrate the coming National Day. The maximum time of each speaker is eight minutes. We will invite seven experts to serve as judges. Every speaker will be judged from three aspects: script, eloquence, and the reaction of the audience. The results will be announced immediately.

All the participants are required to hand in their request form before September 12. The preliminary contest falls on September 18 in the school library. The final contest will be held on September 30 in the cinema of our university.

The Student Union

Sept. 2, 2005

备忘录1

结构要点:

备忘录是单位内部传递信息的文件，包括抬头和正文，其中抬头包含四个部分：

TO: 收阅者

FROM: 撰写者

SUBJECT: 主题

DATE: 日期

Directions 27

Suppose you are the secretary of the Personnel Department of a company and are organizing a farewell party for a colleague who is going to retire. Write a memo in about 100 words to inform your colleagues of the meeting. Do not use your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

TO: All employees of the Personnel Department

FROM: Li Ming, secretary of the Personnel Department

SUBJECT: Farewell Party for Liu Gang

DATE: Dec. 27, 2005

Our colleague Liu Gang is going to retire next month. His retiring is really a pity to us all as he is such an amiable man who is always ready to help others, such an honest man who has won trust and respect from around him, and such a humorous man who can often add pleasure to our work. We have decided to hold a farewell party for him.

We are going to use the assembly room of our department for the party. I have organized several programs for entertainment, but they are not enough. So if anyone is willing to give performances, please let me know as soon as possible. Besides, our general manager and manager will be present, too.

All the colleagues of the Personnel Department are invited to attend the party which is scheduled on November 4, next Friday and will begin at 7 o’clock in the evening. By the way, all suggestions on the party are welcome.

备忘录2

语言注意点:

备忘录的主要目的是有效、快速地传达信息，应语言简练、层次清楚，易于理解。如有并列信息，可借助项目符号或编号等，使人一目了然。不宜使用华丽的辞藻或复杂的结构来炫耀自己的写作才能。

Directions 28

Write a memo in about 100 words on behalf of the Student Union to call on students to join in the volunteer activities in Xinhua Community.

Sample:

TO: All students of Shanghai University

FROM: Student Union

SUBJECT: Volunteer activities in Xinhua Community

DATE: Sep. 13, 2005

At the beginning of the new term, we plan to organize a series of volunteer activities in Xinhua Community, which is about 200 meters from our university.

The activities are scheduled on September 18, this Sunday and include doing housework for the disabled or old people who live by themselves, teaching English to children, and publicizing knowledge about healthy diet and about preventing common diseases.

We believe it is a good opportunity to show our love and know more about the society. 100 volunteers are needed. If you are willing and have time to take part in the activities, please come to the office of the Student Union on the third floor of the Administrative Building, where we would ask you to sign your name in a table and tell us what activity you are particularly interested in.

简 历 1

结构要点:

简历是个人经历的书面表达形式，应包含个人信息、教育背景和工作经历。有时还可包含事业目标(objective或career objective)、其他经历(activities)、获奖情况(awards)和特长(special skills)等。

Directions 29

Suppose you are going to graduate from the university. Write a resume in about 100 words to apply for a job. Do not use your own name, using “Li Mei” instead.

Sample:

RESUME

Personal Data:

Name:Li Mei

Sex:Female

Address: Room 602, Dormitory Building 12,

Wuhan University

Wuhan, Hubei, 430021

Date of Birth:June 16, 1983

Place of Birth:Zunyi, Guizhou

Telephone:(027) 87273548, 13802347887

Hobbies:painting, reading, Internet surfing, dancing

Foreign Languages:English

Objective: To work as a regional sales representative who is responsible for sales activity and coordination

Education:

2002 ~ PresentStudying at Wuhan University

Bachelor of Arts in finance

1999 ~ 2002Studying at Zunyi No. 1 High School

1996 ~ 1999Studying at Zunyi No. 7 Junior High School

Work Experience: None

Special Skills and Technical Qualifications:

I am professionally trained in finance and economics.

In addition to Mandarin, I can speak, write and read English fluently.

I had two part?time jobs in Taiping Company and Zhida Company, which helped me gain some sales operation knowledge and sales planning experience.

简 历 2

语言注意点:

简历忌过长或用词空泛，提供的信息应有用、如实，编排须整齐有系统。

Directions 30

Suppose you are Tan Wen, English teacher at Taiyuan Institute of Technology. Write a resume in about 100 words to apply for a new job in another city.

Sample:

Tan Wen

Taiyuan Institute of Technology

Taiyuan, Shanxi Province

Telephone: (0351) 6523787

Experience

2000 ~ Present

Working as a lecturer of English at Taiyuan Institute of Technology

Teaching undergraduate (non?English majors) intensive reading, extensive reading, listening, writing

Teaching graduate (non?English majors) writing

Education

1997 ~ 2000

Studying at Shanghai Teacher’s University

Master of Arts in American Studies

1993 ~ 1997

Studying at Shanxi University

Bachelor of Arts in English Language and Literature

1990 ~ 1993

Studying at Mianyang Senior High School

1987 ~ 1990

Studying at Mianyang No. 5 Junior High School

Personal Data

Sex: Female

Date of Birth: June 27, 1976

Place of Birth: Mianyang, Sichuan, China

Marital Status: Married, without Child

Health: Excellent

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祝贺信1

结构要点:

祝贺信是由于某种原因向收信人道贺的信件，一般包含三个部分：

1. 点明要祝贺的事情，并向对方道贺;

2. 详述祝贺的事情;

3. 再次祝贺。

Directions 11

Suppose your friend Ellen is going to graduate from Fudan University and get a Master?s Degree. Write a letter in about 100 words to congratulate her. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.

Sample:

Dear Ellen,

How delighted I am when I hear that you are going to graduate from Fudan University and get a Master’s Degree! Though I cannot go to Shanghai to join in the celebration of your graduation owing to the long distance between the two cities, yet I wish to express my most earnest and ardent congratulations through this letter.

For years you have made unremitting efforts in your specialized field and your diligence and intelligence at last win you honor. I am not only happy for but also proud of you from the bottom of my heart.

I believe as an up?and?coming person, you will use your head and hands to develop your career to a higher level after the graduation.

May you achieve greater success in the future.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

祝贺信2

语言注意点:

祝贺信除了向对方道贺以外，还可表达祝福、期望等。语言应热情洋溢，满怀喜悦。

Directions 12

Suppose your friend Mr. Zhao has recently got a promotion. Write a letter in about 100 words to congratulate him. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.

Sample:

Dear Mr. Zhao,

I am extremely glad to hear that you have got a promotion in your company. Congratulations!

It is excellent of you to get a promotion, for after all you have just been in the company for six months. As we all know, you are always a both hard?working and creative person, which is essential to achieve your goals in work. Moreover, your strong sense of responsibility enables you to win trust from people around you and thus win yourself various opportunities. I think that is why you can make achievements in such a short time.

There is no doubt that you deserve the promotion. Having you as a friend, I really feel both proud and lucky because I can often learn so much from you.

Best wishes.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ming

邀请信1

结构要点:

邀请信是邀请收信人参加某项活动的书信，包含三个方面：

1. 邀请对方参加活动的内容、时间和地点;

2. 与该活动有关的注意事项;

3. 期待对方接受邀请，并可表示感谢。

Directions 13

Write a letter to one of your high school classmates who is in a nearby city, and invite him/her to your city at this weekend. Some necessary details must be included. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Linda,

We haven’t seen each other for six years after graduation. I am so glad to hear that you have graduated from UCLA and come back to work in Suzhou. If you are free this Saturday, please come to Shanghai and have a good time with me.

We can first go to the Century Park, where the flowers are all in blossom. Let’s go boating on the lake —isn’t it pleasant in the cool breeze? Then I will treat you to dinner at a western restaurant on Huaihai Road—it is small but really nice—I’m sure you will enjoy it. After dinner, let’s go to a concert—you are a music lover, aren’t you?

If you couldn’t come, please notify me before Friday. If you can, please tell me which train you will take and I will meet you at the railway station.

I am looking forward to meeting you.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

邀请信2

语言注意点:

邀请信叙事一定要清楚、明白。如写给朋友，可选用活泼、真诚的言辞;如写给长辈、上级、名人等，则语言应正式、礼貌。

Directions 14

Write a letter to invite a famous professor to give a lecture to the English postgraduate students in your university. Some necessary details must be included. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Professor Michael Hutchison,

We are very glad to hear that you are attending an international conference in Beijing. We are writing this letter to inquiry the possibility of inviting you to deliver a lecture on American literature for our postgraduate students on the evening of June 16.

We have long been noticed that you have done a lot of substantial and creative work in this field. Two of your books have become textbooks for our students for several years. So all of us believe your lecture will benefit our students and teaching staff alike.

If you can manage to come, please tell us the number of your flight and we will meet you at the airport. If you can’t make it, please also let us know.

We are looking forward to your coming.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

投诉信1

结构要点:

投诉信是对产品或服务表示不满的信件，一般分三个部分：

1. 提出投诉内容;

2. 说明具体情况;

3. 提出解决办法。

Directions 15

Suppose that you ordered a television but later found that it has worrying problems. Write a letter of complaint to describe the matter and require settlement. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Sir,

The television I ordered from your store arrived on time last Friday, but only three days later I found it could not work properly.

On Tuesday evening, when I turned on the television, I was surprised to find that it became a black?and?white television—all of the other colors were simply gone. What made matters worse, the remote control was also out of order. I dialed your service number for several times, but the line was always busy.

This problem has affected our normal life. Can you get it repaired as soon as possible? Thank you for your consideration.

I am looking forward to your early reply.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ming

投诉信2

语言注意点:

投诉信应重点表明投诉的原因，叙事应客观、准确、简洁。最后提出的解决方法应切实可行。在表达自己的不满时，语言要把握分寸，不失风度。

Directions 16

Write a letter to complain about an unhappy experience in about 100 words to describe the matter and ask for the mistake to be corrected. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Sir,

I am writing to you about a most unhappy experience. Last Tuesday morning, we took a long?route bus of your company from Dukou to Lijiang. The bus was scheduled to arrive in Lijiang at 7 o’clock in the evening, but it stopped midway at four p.m. for mechanical problems. The driver and the ticket seller could neither solve the problem by themselves nor seek help from others.

Where we stopped was nowhere near a village. Up until 8 o’clock, another bus finally carried us to a shabby rural motel. We had to pay for our accommodation. The room was too small and the quilt was so dirty. To our surprise, when we just managed to sleep at around 2 a.m., the driver came to wake us up—the bus had been fixed!

I suggest that you look into this matter immediately and deal with it quickly and properly.

Looking forward to your reply.

Yours,

Li Ming

询问信1

结构要点:

询问信是希望获取信息的信件，分为三个部分：

1. 说明自己的计划或目的，也就是询问信息的原因;

2. 征询具体信息;

3. 期待回复并表示感谢。

Directions 17

Write a letter inquiring about a hotel. Some necessary details must be included. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Mr. Guo,

I am going to visit Songpan on July 30 and wish to stay at your hotel. My friend has just come back and warmly recommended it to me.

My wife and I want to go horse trekking with the Happy Trails Horse Team. We will choose to go to the Ice Mountain, so it will take four days. We want a double room with a private bath for two nights, July 30 and August 3.

Would you please tell us whether we could have such a room and how much it will cost us?

I am looking forward to your reply.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

询问信2

语言注意点:

询问信应语言简洁、清晰，无歧义。语气礼貌、恳切。

Directions 18

You are a tourist and you want to experience a new way of traveling. Write a letter inquiring about such a traveling program. Some necessary details must be included. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Mr. Guo Chang,

My wife and I have read in the traveling book Lonely Planet about your Happy Trails Horse Team. We are very much interested in going horse trekking with your team.

We want to choose the Ice Mountain route, which will take four days, from July 31 to August 3. What should we take with us? Will the guides provide accommodation for us? How much will the tour cost each of us?

We will reach Songpan on the afternoon of July 30 at about 5 o’clock. I hope it will not be too late when we arrive at your team.

I am looking forward to your early reply.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

介绍信1

结构要点:

介绍信是向收信人介绍某人的信件，包含三个部分：

1. 说明被介绍人的身份;

2. 提出希望收信人做的事情;

3. 如果是请收信人关照被介绍人，表示感谢;如果是请收信人与被介绍人共同工作，则对合作表示乐观。

Directions 19

Suppose that your friend is going to stay at a big city. Write a letter in about 100 words to introduce her to a friend there. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Linda,

I want to introduce to you the bearer of this letter, Helen Herbert, who is a diligent and intelligent scholar just like you. She will attend an international conference on economics from August 27 through August 30 at the Shangri?La Hotel of your city.

She will have no problem with her accommo?dation. I am sure a talk will benefit both of you a lot. I have given your mobile phone number to her, and I hope it will not cause any inconvenience for you.

Thank you for your kindness and consideration.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

介绍信2

语言注意点:

介绍信应措辞礼貌得体，对被介绍人的说明应简洁明了、重点突出。

Directions 20

Write a letter to inform a colleague of a coming visiting scholar in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Sample:

Dear Anna,

Please allow me to take this opportunity to introduce a visiting scholar, George Martin, from University of California at Berkeley. He will be a member of our Program of Asia?Pacific Economy for nine months.

George is an enthusiastic and enterprising scholar. He has done various researches on American and Asian economies for more than ten years. I am sure that his participation will do a lot of help to our recent research.

George will be arriving here on next Friday and he will soon go to visit you after arrival. You can introduce the overall development of our program to him, and then explore the details of cooperation.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

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「构思要诀」

图画作文的基本审题过程一定包含以小见大，把握象征寓意的过程。图画式写作是较难的题型之一，面对此类题型，考生应首先确定主题，然后再动笔。

第一步，看仔细。考生应对图画进行全面而细致的研究，尤其注意图画中人或物(人与物)的体貌表情特征和背景，确定人物之间，人物与背景之间的主要关系，以便正确掌握图画所传达的信息。如果图画以系列形式(即两幅以上)出现，还应该对图画之间的相应联系有所理解，从而在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。

第二步，拟提纲。根据图画内容的不同，采用不同的段落发展方式。如果画面内容是以描述为主，即按空间方位或时间先后顺序排列，可采用开头——扩展——结尾的写作方式。如果画面内容是以解释说明为主，写作时则先给出主题句，再围绕主题句完成各段落的写作，这是采用主题句——扩展句——总结句的写作方式。

第三步，突出主题。展开段落要根据画面内容进行，同时也要围绕每一段的主题句进行。

第四步，小修改。考生应重点检查图画内容是否准确地被表达出来，题目所给提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果存在与画面不相符的内容，或未能完全涵盖题目所给提示，应做出相应修订。

接下来，我们分析一下2003年的漫画考题，并抽调当年的高分实考样卷，加以点评。

写作题目

Directions： Study the pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following：

1. describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning

2. point out its implications in our life

2003年的考试题为温室中的花朵经不起风雨，题目本身就显得话里有话，意犹未尽。我们提到，图画作文的基本审题过程一定包含以小见大，把握象征寓意的过程，画面虽然简单，但要把一个简单的事物和一个大的群体进行结合联想，还要联系实际，否则很难切入宏大的论述主题。

There is no garden without its weeds.

没有不长杂草的花园。观察两幅图画不能只看到温室和花朵，还要以小见大，与主题和现实意义挂钩联想。花儿可以代表独生子女，成长中的青少年;温室代表父母的溺爱和优越的物质生活条件等;风雨呢，可以理解为逆境的考验，特别是现实社会中的残酷竞争。

中国古训中有宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来的名句，结合现实中独生子女由于娇生惯养而不能独立面对困难的问题，通过两图对比得出现实意义，即父母要多给子女独立面对困难的机会，年轻人要多经历风雨、挑战和逆境考验才能走向成功。

参考范文：

The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in two different living circumstances. As is shown in the first drawing， the flower is placed in a cozy greenhouse which shelters it from the severe wind and storm. With proper temperature and other good conditions， the flower is growing in full bloom. In contrast， when removed from the green house and exposed to the wind and storm， the flower immediately fades and withers， with most of its petals cast about on the ground.

The implied meaning conveyed by the drawings should be taken into account seriously. The weak flower is naturally associated with our young people， to be exact， the only children in our current society; the green house epitomizes our parents?excessive doting care and material supplies that can protect the children from the wind and storm， to be specific， the harsh reality. Once our young people begin to seek independence and face challenges from the real competitive world， they are found too spoiled to be strong enough to endure the hardships and difficulties of various sorts.

In sum it is essential for our young people to derive positive implications from the above thought?provoking drawings. Only by undergoing more predicaments can young people develop strong personality and ability needed in the future， and only in this way can they eventually become winners in our competitive changing world.

这篇作文在当年获18分的高分，文章结构衔接紧凑，紧扣题目要求，层次分明。大家如果能够达到这个要求，往往就不难拿到高分;另外，每一段的段首句是写作中的重中之重，老师阅卷时往往没有时间细看每一句，几秒钟就扫视完全篇，本文的段首句都是主题句，然后用一两句话分层次展开，简单分析，最后一段归纳升华，或者总结概况。

「友情提示」

揭示寓意，切忌盲目求新。譬如，2003年的作文题目是一组漫画，汉语标题为温室花朵经不起风雨。按出题者的本意，其中心思想应当是根据卷面所提供的两幅漫画和汉语标题注解，论述当今部分青少年犹如温室的花朵经不起风雨，其重点应当围绕青少年的挫折，发表自己的见解。而有人却反其道而行之，误解为我们应当保护青少年不受风雨侵袭。像这样的作文，不管描述多清楚，文字多优美，也别指望获取写作高分。

一定不要放过图中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些写作要点。另外，面对漫画题型，考生应该展开合理而丰富的联想，用生动而恰当的言辞抒发自己对图画的所思、所想、所感。

经典句式及惯用表达

我们在下面归纳总结出秘密武器式的经典句式、惯用表达等，供同学们借鉴使用。

1) As is known ……

2) It is a common saying that ……

3) It is clear that ……

4) It is hard to imagine ……

5) It?s hard to say whether ……

6) It must be pointed out that ……

7) It is (has been) estimated that……

8) It must be kept in mind that……

9) It can be seen from this that ……

10) It seems certain that ……

11) The set of drawings above vividly depicts……

A man is only as good as what he loves.

一个人要用他所爱的东西有多好来衡量。12) Simple as it is， the symbolic meaning the picture conveys is deep and profound.

14) As we know， it was not until recently that the problem was solved.

15) It is certain that we have a long way to go.

美文赏析

Wealth is the test of a man?s character.

财富是对一个人品格的试金石。

Modesty

Modesty is one of the many qualities that young people should possess. It makes us foresee our imperfections. It gives us the impetus to go forward. Most important of all， it makes us accessible and creates favorable conditions for us in interpersonal contacts.

However， many young people do not seem to realize the importance of modesty. Some of them just feel satisfied with a little success， without the slightest desire to make further progress. Others have too high an opinion of themselves， totally ignoring other people?s suggestions and advice. Consequently， their immodesty often drives them up against the wall. Worst of all， immodesty takes many young people away from their colleagues and friends. Therefore， they find fewer people with whom they can confide.

To be modest， the first thing to do is to have a full understanding of your deficiencies. No matter who you are and no matter how talented you are， you are unlikely to be all?powerful. In fact， you will always， in spite of your talents， find things about which you feel helpless. Besides， you should also admit other people?s strong points and try your best to learn from them. If you keep these two points in mind， you are on the right path to developing modesty.

谦虚是一种美德，这是任何时候都不过时的话题。文章行文流畅，句式变换多样。

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