中国跃升为世界第三大军火出口国

China has surpassed Germany to become the world’s third-largest arms exporter, but the United States and Russia remain the dominant sellers of weapons worldwide, according to statistics released on Monday by a research organization in Sweden.

据瑞典一家研究机构周一公布的统计数据，中国已超过德国，成为世界第三大武器出口国，但美国和俄罗斯仍在全世界武器销售中占主导地位。

The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute said China surpassed Germany in 2010-14. With just 5 percent of total exports for that period, China’s share was far below that of the United States, at 31 percent, or Russia, at 27 percent.

斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所(The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute)称，中国在2010至2014年间超过了德国。中国在该时期的出口份额只占世界总额的5％，远远低于美国的31％，或俄罗斯的27％。

Although its share of overall sales remained small, China’s exports increased by 143 percent in 2010 to 2014, compared with the previous five-year period, Sipri said. (The organization looks at arms sales over five-year blocks to smooth out jumps from year to year.) Arms exports by the United States increased by 23 percent over the previous five years; Russia’s increased by 37 percent.

该组织表示，虽然中国的销售在整体份额中占的比例仍然很小，但中国在2010至2014年间的出口总额比前一个五年期间的总额增长了143％。（斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所为将年与年之间销售额的突增曲线平滑化，以五年为单位统计军火销售量。）美国的武器出口比前五年间增长了23％；俄罗斯增长了37％。

After global arms sales fell over most of the 1980s and ’90s, they have increased in recent years, with the 2010-14 volume 16 percent higher than that of the previous five years, according to the report.

据该组织的报告，全球武器销量在上个世纪80年代和90年代的大多数时间呈下降趋势，但近几年有所增长，2010至2014年间的销售总额，与前五年间相比，增长了16％。

China’s increase came as Germany and France saw declines in their shares of the arms market. Germany, which had the third-largest share in 2005-9, experienced a drop linked in part to government restrictions on arms exports announced in 2014, the report said. France would have had the third-largest share for 2009-14 had it not postponed plans to sell an amphibious assault ship to Russia last year over concerns about its involvement in the Ukraine conflict, the report added.

中国销售额增长的同时，德国和法国在武器市场中所占的份额有所下降。报告称，2005至2009年间武器市场份额排名第三的德国，一定程度上因政府在2014年宣布的武器出口限制，份额有所下降。报告补充说，法国原本会成为2010至2014年间的第三大武器出口国，但出于对俄罗斯卷入乌克兰冲突的担忧，法国推迟了去年向俄罗斯出口两栖攻击舰的计划。

China has not commanded such a significant share of the international arms trade since the mid-1980s, when it sold weapons to both sides in the Iran-Iraq war and ranked as high as fourth in annual arms exports, according to Sipri data. In recent years, China has attempted to move beyond the sale of low-margin small arms to more expensive military platforms, with limited success.

据斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所的数据，自20世纪80年代中期以来，中国的武器出口在全球所占份额一直不高，那之前，中国曾向两伊战争的双方出售武器，年度出口份额在全球的排名一度高达第四位。近年来，中国一直试图从销售低利润的小武器向出口更昂贵的军事设备上转型，但成效甚微。

“Most countries don’t prefer Chinese weapon systems, but China is basically a supplier of last resort,” said Richard Bitzinger, a senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore. “It sells reasonably good equipment to countries that don’t have a lot of money but want something.”

新加坡拉惹勒南国际研究院(S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies)资深研究员理查德·A·毕辛格(Richard A. Bitzinger)说，“大多数国家不喜欢中国的武器系统，作为武器供应商，中国基本上是一个不得已的选择。中国向一些国家出售相当不错的装备，这些国家钱不多，但想要些东西。”

The leading buyers of Chinese materiel were Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar, which received more than two-thirds of China’s total exports. China also sold armored vehicles, and transport and trainer aircraft, to Venezuela; three frigates to Algeria; antiship missiles to Indonesia; and major arms to 18 African states, the report said.

中国装备的主要买家是巴基斯坦、孟加拉国和缅甸，这三个国家的购买量占中国出口总额的三分之二以上。报告说，中国也向委内瑞拉出口了装甲车、运输和教练机，向阿尔及利亚出口了三艘护卫舰，向印度尼西亚出口了反舰导弹，还向18个非洲国家出口了大型武器。

“For the most part, Chinese weapons don’t have a major impact on military capability,” Mr. Bitzinger said. “They can close some deals that are good for them, good for their industry, but it’s still hard to find Chinese weapon systems that you could argue are significant game changers when it comes to regional balances of power.”

毕辛格说，“在大多数情况下，中国武器对军事能力没有产生重大的影响。中国能做些武器交易、一些有利于本国武器工业的交易，但仍很难找到那种从区域实力平衡的角度来看，能让人称之为产生重大颠覆性影响的中国武器系统。”

China’s efforts to sell complex military platforms have run into obstacles in recent years. Turkey’s plan to buy a $3 billion air-defense missile package from China has stalled over concerns from the United States and Europe. Likewise, analysts say the J-31, China’s stealth fighter jet, may not find widespread interest among foreign buyers because of concerns over its stealthiness, heavy maintenance demands and low-quality engines.

中国推销复杂军事装备的努力近几年遇到了阻碍。由于来自美国和欧洲的担忧，土耳其暂停了从中国购买价值30亿美元（约合188亿元人民币）的防空导弹系统的计划。分析人士表示，中国的J-31隐形战斗机在国外采购者中也许同样引不起广泛的兴趣，因为人们对战斗机的隐蔽性、繁重的维护需求，及其低质量的发动机存在担忧。

China was also the third-largest arms importer during the past five years, behind India and Saudi Arabia. Russia, France and Ukraine were the largest suppliers to China, according to Sipri.

中国在过去五年中也是全球第三大武器进口国，排名在印度和沙特阿拉伯之后。据斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所的报告，俄罗斯、法国和乌克兰是中国最大的武器供应国。

The rankings were calculated based on the value of weapons actually delivered to customers using a common unit that eliminates ambiguity in sales definitions among governments.

这些排名是以实际交付给客户的武器的共同单元价值为基础计算的，这种算法消除了各国政府对销售的不同定义。